Table 2.
Sample Characteristics by Group and Intervention
| Groups | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy (n = 100) | MCI (n = 97) | AD (n = 95) | ||||||||
| EG (n = 47) | CG (n = 53) | Sign.a | EG (n = 48) | CG (n = 49) | Sign.a | EG (n = 48) | CG (n = 47) | Sign.a | p-Valueb | |
| Age (years) | 72.7 (5.2) | 72.2 (6.6) | n.s. | 76.0 (6.3) | 76.5 (5.7) | n.s. | 76.5 (4.3) | 78.7 (5.9) | * | <0.001 |
| Gender | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.020 | ||||||
| Male | 17 | 23 | 35 | 39 | 40 | 28 | ||||
| Female | 83 | 77 | 65 | 61 | 60 | 72 | ||||
| Education (years) | 11.1 (4.5) | 8.6 (4.4) | ** | 6.7 (3.8) | 5.3 (3.0) | * | 5.9 (4.1) | 4.5 (2.3) | * | <0.001 |
| Marital status | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.010 | ||||||
| Married/cohabiting | 47 | 58 | 62 | 76 | 73 | 55 | ||||
| Widowed | 40 | 34 | 38 | 22 | 25 | 43 | ||||
| Other | 13 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||
| MMSE | 27.9 (1.1) | 28.0 (1.1) | n.s. | 25.7 (1.8) | 25.8 (1.9) | n.s. | 20.2 (3.7) | 20.3 (3.5) | n.s. | <0.001 |
| GDS | 8.9 (4.7) | 6.6 (5.0) | * | 8.6 (4.8) | 8.8 (4.0) | n.s. | 8.4 (6.2) | 8.1 (5.3) | n.s. | n.s. |
| Number of diseases (range 0–11) | 3.7 (1.7) | 3.2 (2.0) | n.s. | 3.3 (1.6) | 3.6 (1.7) | n.s. | 4.4 (1.7) | 4.4 (1.7) | n.s. | <0.001 |
| BADL | 5.9 (0.3) | 5.9 (0.3) | n.s. | 5.9 (0.3) | 5.8 (0.4) | n.s. | 5.1 (1.4) | 5.1 (1.0) | n.s. | <0.001 |
| IADL | 7.9 (0.3) | 7.9 (0.4) | n.s. | 6.9 (1.4) | 6.9 (1.5) | n.s. | 3.3 (2.3) | 3.4 (1.8) | n.s. | <0.001 |
Data presented as percentages and mean (SD).
a
Chi-square for frequencies or t-test for means, comparison of EG and CG within each group.
b
Chi-square for frequencies or t-test for means, comparison of groups (healthy, MCI, AD).
*
p-value < 0.05; **< 0.01.
CG, control group; EG, experimental group; n.s., not significant.