Table 2.
Comparison of frontal test battery in PD patients and controls.
| Demographic data | PD-H | PD-NH | Controls | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean ± SD | n = 12 | n = 23 | n = 18 | |
| Attention | ||||
| Stroop Test (errors) | 7.92 ± 9.09 | 7.33 ± 8.45 | 3.41 ± 5.19 | 0.151 |
| TMT-A (s) | 122.21 ± 87.47ab | 70.84 ± 41.47 | 52.76 ± 30.27 | 0.018 |
| TMT-B (s) | 241.21 ± 121.73 | 134.00 ± 106.8 | 124.76 ± 84.81 | 0.264 |
| Digit Span | 15.64 ± 4.24 | 15.88 ± 2.76 | 17.27 ± 4.54 | 0.198 |
| Visual-constructional ability | ||||
| Block Design (score) | 7.21 ± 4.16 | 12.08 ± 4.05 | 11.50 ± 3.78 | 0.255 |
| R–O-copy (score) | 25.93 ± 10.17ab | 32.08 ± 6.55 | 33.47 ± 1.91 | <0.001 |
| Verbal fluency | ||||
| Word list generation | 41.00 ± 14.81 | 44.21 ± 11.29 | 46.47 ± 8.68 | 0.122 |
| Memory | ||||
| Wordlist learning recall (number) | 17.21 ± 3.66 | 19.19 ± 3.76 | 22.29 ± 1.45 | 0.301 |
| R–O-recall (score) | 7.71 ± 6.76 | 11.96 ± 9.19 | 13.00 ± 8.32 | 0.549 |
| Higher executive function | ||||
| Similarities (score) | 9.29 ± 6.08 | 10.12 ± 7.11 | 13.53 ± 4.58 | 0.760 |
| Five-Point Test (correct number) | 2.79 ± 2.46 | 4.57 ± 2.92 | 5.35 ± 2.52 | 0.485 |
| WCST-category (number) | 5.21 ± 2.12 | 6.00 ± 1.71 | 6.24 ± 2.31 | 0.697 |
| WCST-PN/total errors (%) | 63.00 ± 32.91b | 72.80 ± 31.40c | 25.29 ± 20.95 | 0.027 |
| Motor programming | ||||
| Luria's Hand Sequence (score) | 1.29 ± 1.07ab | 2.23 ± 1.14 | 2.12 ± 0.68 | 0.019 |
PD-H: PD patients with visual hallucinations; PD-NH: PD patients without visual hallucinations; TMT: Trail Making Test; R–O Complex Figure Test: Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; WCST: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.
p: p value, by one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with age, gender, and education as covariates.
Post hoc analysis with Tukey method (aPD-H versus PD-NH, bPD-H versus controls, and cPD-NH versus controls).