Figure 2.

Effect of Humulus japonicus (HJ) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by BV2 microglial cells. BV2 cells were co-treated with various concentrations of HJ with LPS (1 µg/ml). Following incubation for 24 h, the mRNA levels of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-1β and (C) IL-6 were measured in BV2 microglial cell lysates. The production levels of (D) TNF-α, (E) IL-1β and (F) IL-6 were measured using the culture supernatants. ^*p<0.05, and ^**p<0.01, significant differences from LPS-treated group; ^##p<0.01, significant differences from control group (CTL), as shown by the Student's t-test. Data are presented as the means ± SEM.