Table II.
Cross-sectional analysis of z score height from birth to adulthood and adult cardiovascular risk outcomes
| Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | |
| WC(cm) | ||||||||
| Birth | 1.27(0.60,1.94) | <.001 | -0.13(-0.40,0.15) | .4 | 0.99(0.37,1.62) | .002 | -0.14(-0.42,0.14) | .3 |
| 3 mo | 0.99(0.32,1.66) | .004 | 0.04(-0.24,0.31) | .8 | 0.90(0.30,1.49) | .003 | -0.43(-0.69,-0.16) | .002 |
| 6.5 y | 2.57(1.94,3.21) | <.001 | 0.01(-0.31,0.34) | .9 | 1.69(1.09,2.29) | <.001 | 0.14(-0.16,0.45) | .4 |
| 15 y | 3.51(2.71,4.31) | <.001 | 0.35(-0.09,0.80) | .1 | 3.10(2.33,3.88) | <.001 | -0.21(-0.74,0.32) | .4 |
| 28 y | 2.32(1.70,2.94) | <.001 | - | 1.63(1.04,2.21) | <.001 | - | ||
| SBP (mm Hg) | ||||||||
| Birth | 0.55(-0.21,1.30) | .2 | -0.36(-1.10,0.37) | .3 | -0.37(-1.15,-0.41) | .4 | -1.03(-1.80,-0.27) | .008 |
| 3 mo | 0.52(-0.22,1.26) | .2 | -0.27(-1.00,0.46) | .5 | 0.59(-0.16,1.33) | .1 | -0.11(-0.86,0.65) | .8 |
| 6.5 y | 1.65(0.90,2.40) | <.001 | -0.16(-1.03,0.70) | .7 | 1.10(0.33,1.89) | .006 | 0.10(-0.76,0.97) | .8 |
| 15 y | 2.89(1.95,3.82) | <.001 | 1.53(0.29,2.76) | .02 | 2.55(1.54,3.57) | <.001 | 1.28(-0.20,2.76) | .09 |
| 28 y | 2.10(1.40,2.80) | <.001 | - | 1.21(0.48,1.95) | .001 | - | ||
| Log glucose 120-min(mmol/L) | ||||||||
| Birth | 0.01(-0.01,0.03) | .3 | 0.01(-0.01,0.03) | .5 | -0.02(-0.04,-0.00) | .04 | -0.2(-0.04,0.00) | .06 |
| 3 mo | 0.01(-0.01,0.03) | .3 | 0.01(-0.01,0.03) | .2 | 0.01(-0.01,0.02) | .6 | 0.01(-0.01,0.03) | .3 |
| 6.5 y | -0.00(-0.02,0.02) | .8 | -0.01(-0.04,0.01) | .3 | -0.02(-0.03,0.00) | .1 | -0.01(-0.03,0.01) | .4 |
| 15 y | 0.02(-0.01,0.04) | .2 | 0.01(-0.03,0.04) | .7 | -0.02(-0.05,0.00) | .08 | -0.02(-0.06,0.02) | .3 |
| 28 y | -0.01(-0.03,0.01) | .3 | - | -0.03(-0.04,-0.01) | .003 | - | ||
| Log HOMA-IR | ||||||||
| Birth | 0.07(-0.01,0.15) | .1 | 0.04(-0.05,0.12) | .4 | -0.05(-0.15,0.05) | .4 | -0.11(-0.21,0.01) | .03 |
| 3 mo | -0.05(-0.15,0.05) | .4 | 0.03(-0.06,0.12) | .5 | 0.08(-0.02,0.17) | .1 | 0.01(-0.09,0.11) | .8 |
| 6.5 y | 0.08(-0.02,0.17) | .1 | -0.02(-0.12,0.08) | .7 | 0.07(-0.04,0.17) | .2 | -0.03(-0.15,0.08) | .6 |
| 15 y | 0.07(-0.04,0.17) | .2 | -0.02(-0.15,0.12) | .8 | 0.16(0.02,0.29) | .03 | -0.02(-0.22,0.18) | .8 |
| 28 y | 0.08(0.00,0.16) | .05 | - | 0.12(0.02,0.21) | .02 | - | ||
| Cholesterol(mmol/L) | ||||||||
| Birth | -0.01(-0.07,0.05) | .7 | -0.04(-0.10,0.02) | .2 | -0.02(-0.07,-0.04) | .6 | -0.02(-0.08,0.04) | .5 |
| 3 mo | 0.03(-0.03,0.09) | .3 | 0.03(-0.03,0.09) | .4 | 0.01(-0.05,0.06) | .8 | -0.00(-0.06,0.06) | 1.0 |
| 6.5 y | 0.05(-0.01,0.11) | .1 | -0.01(-0.08,0.06) | .7 | -0.11(-0.06,0.06) | .9 | 0.01(-0.06,0.07) | .8 |
| 15 y | 0.13(0.05,0.20) | .002 | 0.11(0.00,0.21) | .04 | -0.01(-0.09,0.07) | .8 | -0.02(-0.13,0.09) | .7 |
| 28 y | 0.00(-0.05,0.06) | .9 | - | -0.06(-0.11,-0.00) | .05 | - | ||
| Log triglycerides(mmol/L) | ||||||||
| Birth | -0.01(-0.04,0.03) | .8 | -0.03(-0.06,0.01) | .1 | -0.02(-0.06,0.01) | .2 | -0.04(-0.07,-0.01) | .02 |
| 3 mo | 0.02(-0.02,0.05) | .3 | 0.01(-0.02,0.05) | .6 | 0.00(-0.03,0.03) | .9 | -0.02(-0.05,0.02) | .3 |
| 6.5 y | 0.01(-0.04,0.03) | .8 | -0.07(-0.11,-0.03) | .001 | 0.00(-0.03,0.03) | 1.0 | -0.01(-0.05,0.02) | .5 |
| 15 y | 0.06(0.01,0.10) | .01 | 0.03(-0.03,0.09) | .3 | 0.03(-0.02,0.07) | .2 | -0.01(-0.08,0.05) | .7 |
| 28 y | 0.02(-0.02,0.05) | .3 | - | -0.01(-0.04,0.02) | .6 | - | ||
| HDL cholesterol(mmol/L) | ||||||||
| Birth | -0.00(-0.02,0.01) | .8 | 0.00(-0.01,0.02) | .7 | -0.02(-0.03,0.00) | .1 | -0.01(-0.03,0.01) | .3 |
| 3 mo | 0.01(-0.01,0.02) | .6 | 0.01(-0.01,0.03) | .3 | 0.00(-0.02,0.02) | .8 | 0.01(-0.01,0.03) | .3 |
| 6.5 y | 0.01(-0.01,0.03) | .2 | 0.03(0.01,0.05) | .009 | -0.00(-0.02,0.01) | .7 | 0.01(-0.01,0.03) | .5 |
| 15 y | 0.01(-0.01,0.03) | .3 | 0.03(-0.00,0.05) | .06 | -0.01(-0.03,0.02) | .5 | 0.02(-0.02,0.05) | .3 |
| 28 y | -0.01(-0.03,0.1) | .2 | - | -0.01(-0.03,0.00) | .1 | - | ||
Separate regression analyses were performed for height at each age. β represents unit change in outcome variable with unit change in z height. Number of individuals at each time point were: (males): 981 at birth, 834 at 3 months, 874 at 6.5 years, 558 at 15 years, and 981 at 28 years; and (females): 897 at birth, 779 at 3 months, 806 at 6.5 years, 550 at 15 years, and 897 at 28 years. Model 1 was adjusted for adult age, Model 2 was additionally adjusted for adult size (BMI and height). Other covariates included in both models were age, rural/urban residence (at birth and currently), education, household material possessions, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity.