Table IV.
Associations of conditional height from birth to 28 years of age with adult height, BMI, and cardiovascular risk factors, including “forward-looking (model 1)” and “backward-looking (model 2)” analyses
| Men | Women | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||
| β* | 95% CI | P value | β* | 95% CI | P value | β* | 95% CI | P value | β* | 95% CI | P value | |
| Adult height (cm) | ||||||||||||
| Birth | 0.30 | 0.23,0.37 | <.001 | - | - | - | 0.31 | 0.25,0.38 | <.001 | - | - | - |
| 0-3mo | 0.26 | 0.20,0.32 | <.001 | - | - | - | 0.20 | 0.15,0.25 | <.001 | - | - | - |
| 3 mo-6.5 y | 0.45 | 0.39,0.50 | <.001 | - | - | - | 0.45 | 0.39,0.50 | <.001 | - | - | - |
| 6.5-15 y | 0.34 | 0.28,0.40 | <.001 | - | - | - | 0.40 | 0.35,0.45 | <.001 | - | - | - |
| 15-28 y | ||||||||||||
| BMI(kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| Birth | 0.10 | 0.02,0.19 | <.001 | - | - | - | 0.15 | 0.07,0.24 | .001 | - | - | - |
| 0-3 mo | 0.00 | -0.07,0.08 | .9 | - | - | - | 0.06 | -0.01,0.13 | .1 | - | - | - |
| 3 mo-6.5 y | 0.20 | 0.13,0.28 | <.001 | - | - | - | 0.07 | -0.005,0.14 | .06 | - | - | - |
| 6.5-15 y | 0.12 | 0.04,0.19 | .003 | - | - | - | 0.10 | 0.03,0.17 | .005 | - | - | - |
| 15-28 y | ||||||||||||
| WC(cm) | ||||||||||||
| Birth | 2.47 | 2.00,2.93 | <.001 | 0.19 | -0.26,0.64 | .4 | 2.01 | 1.59,2.42 | <.001 | 0.14 | -0.31,0.59 | .5 |
| 0-3 mo | 1.06 | 0.67,1.45 | <.001 | 0.24 | -0.14,0.61 | .2 | 0.87 | 0.53,1.21 | <.001 | -0.34 | -0.70,0.01 | .06 |
| 3 mo-6.5 y | 3.28 | 2.89,3.66 | <.001 | 0.12 | -0.31,0.55 | .5 | 2.03 | 1.67,2.39 | <.001 | 0.48 | 0.03,0.92 | .04 |
| 6.5-15 y | 2.60 | 2.20,3.00 | <.001 | 0.30 | -0.11,0.70 | .1 | 1.56 | 1.22,1.90 | <.001 | -0.19 | -0.60,0.23 | .3 |
| 15-28 y | 1.67 | 1.28,2.07 | <.001 | - | - | - | 0.6 | 0.26,0.95 | <.001 | - | - | - |
| SBP(mm Hg) | ||||||||||||
| Birth | 1.04 | -0.08,2.15 | .07 | -0.05 | -1.26,1.17 | .9 | 0.45 | -0.74,1.64 | .4 | -0.34 | -1.67,0.98 | .6 |
| 0-3 mo | 0.57 | -0.37,1.50 | .2 | 0.19 | -0.83,1.21 | .7 | 1.21 | 0.23,2.19 | .02 | 0.69 | -0.36,1.73 | .2 |
| 3 mo-6.5 y | 1.83 | 0.90,2.75 | <.001 | 0.34 | -0.84,1.52 | .5 | 0.91 | -0.12,1.94 | .08 | 0.19 | -1.11,1.49 | .7 |
| 6.5-15 y | 2.46 | 1.50,3.42 | <.001 | 1.37 | 0.27,2.48 | .02 | 1.84 | 0.87,2.82 | <.001 | 1.06 | -0.15,2.27 | .09 |
| 15-28 y | 0.73 | -0.21,1.68 | .1 | - | - | - | 0.38 | -0.61,1.37 | .4 | - | - | - |
| DBP(mm Hg) | ||||||||||||
| Birth | 1.42 | 0.52,2.31 | <.001 | 1.00 | 0.03,1.97 | .04 | 0.23 | -0.68,1.15 | .6 | -0.36 | -1.38,0.66 | .4 |
| 0-3 mo | 0.41 | -0.34,1.16 | .2 | 0.49 | -0.31,1.31 | .2 | 1.34 | 0.64,2.15 | .002 | 1.01 | 0.20,1.82 | .01 |
| 3 mo-6.5 y | 1.41 | 0.75,2.39 | <.001 | 0.95 | 0.02,1.89 | .04 | 0.87 | 0.07,1.66 | .03 | 0.51 | -0.48,1.52 | .3 |
| 6.5-15 y | 1.95 | 1.18,2.72 | <.001 | 1.59 | 0.71,2.47 | <.001 | 1.65 | 0.90,2.39 | <.001 | 1.19 | 0.25,2.12 | .01 |
| 15-28 y | -0.31 | -1.06,0.45 | .4 | - | - | - | -0.15 | -0.91,0.60 | .6 | - | - | - |
| Log glucose 120 min(mmol/L) | ||||||||||||
| Birth | 0.04 | 0.01,0.07 | .02 | 0.03 | -0.01,0.06 | .1 | -0.04 | -0.07,-0.01 | .02 | -0.05 | -0.08,-0.01 | .01 |
| 0-3 mo | 0.004 | -0.02,0.03 | .7 | 0.01 | -0.02,0.04 | .5 | 0.01 | -0.02,0.03 | .4 | 0.004 | -0.02,0.03 | .7 |
| 3 mo-6.5 y | 0.004 | -0.02,0.03 | .7 | -0.01 | -0.04,0.02 | .6 | -0.01 | -0.04,0.02 | .4 | -0.01 | -0.05,0.02 | .4 |
| 6.5-15 y | 0.02 | -0.003,0.05 | .08 | 0.02 | -0.01,0.05 | .2 | -0.004 | -0.03,0.02 | .7 | -0.01 | -0.04,0.02 | .5 |
| 15-28 y | -0.01 | -0.04,0.02 | .4 | - | - | - | -0.01 | -0.03,0.02 | .5 | - | - | - |
| HOMA-IR | ||||||||||||
| Birth | 0.11 | -0.01,0.24 | .08 | 0.07 | -0.06,0.21 | .2 | -0.16 | -0.32,0.001 | .05 | -0.25 | -0.43,-0.07 | .01 |
| 0-3 mo | 0.04 | -0.06,0.15 | .4 | 0.03 | -0.08,0.15 | .5 | 0.08 | -0.06,0.21 | .2 | 0.02 | -0.12,0.17 | .7 |
| 3 mo-6.5 y | 0.13 | 0.02,0.23 | .02 | 0.07 | -0.06,0.21 | .2 | 0.05 | -0.09,0.19 | .4 | -0.02 | -0.19,0.16 | .8 |
| 6.5-15 y | 0.08 | -0.02,0.19 | .1 | 0.05 | -0.08,0.17 | .4 | 0.16 | 0.03,0.29 | .02 | 0.08 | -0.08,0.24 | .3 |
| 15-28 y | 0.02 | -0.09,0.12 | .7 | - | - | - | 0.02 | -0.11,0.16 | .7 | - | - | - |
| Cholesterol(mmol/L) | ||||||||||||
| Birth | 0.04 | -0.06,0.13 | .4 | 0.01 | -0.10,0.11 | .8 | -0.03 | -0.12,0.06 | .5 | -0.05 | -0.15,0.05 | .3 |
| 0-3 mo | 0.09 | 0.01,0.17 | .03 | 0.1 | 0.01,0.19 | .03 | 0.03 | -0.05,0.10 | .4 | 0.01 | -0.06,0.09 | .7 |
| 3 mo-6.5 y | 0.04 | -0.05,0.12 | .3 | 0.00 | -0.10,0.10 | .9 | 0.05 | -0.03,0.12 | .2 | 0.06 | -0.04,0.15 | .2 |
| 6.5-15 y | 0.13 | 0.04,0.21 | <.001 | 0.11 | 0.01,0.20 | .03 | 0.01 | -0.06,0.09 | .7 | 0.01 | -0.08,0.15 | .8 |
| 15-28 y | -0.03 | -0.11,0.05 | .4 | - | - | - | -0.06 | -0.13,0.02 | .1 | - | - | - |
| Log triglycerides(mmol/L) | ||||||||||||
| Birth | 0.02 | -0.04,0.07 | .5 | -0.01 | -0.07,0.05 | .7 | -0.01 | -0.06,0.04 | .6 | -0.05 | -0.11,0.01 | .08 |
| 0-3 mo | 0.05 | 0.01,0.10 | .02 | 0.05 | 0.01,0.10 | .03 | 0.002 | -0.04,0.04 | .9 | -0.02 | -0.07,0.02 | .3 |
| 3 mo-6.5 y | 0.02 | -0.02,0.07 | .3 | -0.01 | -0.07,0.04 | .6 | 0.02 | -0.03,0.06 | .4 | -0.009 | -0.06,0.05 | .7 |
| 6.5-15 y | 0.10 | 0.05,0.14 | <.001 | 0.07 | 0.02,0.12 | .01 | 0.03 | -0.01,0.07 | .1 | 0.002 | -0.05,0.05 | .9 |
| 15-28 y | -0.01 | -0.05,0.03 | .6 | - | - | - | 0.00 | -0.04,0.04 | .9 | - | - | - |
| HDL cholesterol(mmol/L) | ||||||||||||
| Birth | -0.01 | -0.03,0.02 | .6 | 0.004 | -0.02,0.03 | .7 | -0.02 | -0.05,0.01 | .1 | -0.01 | -0.04,0.02 | .4 |
| 0-3 mo | -0.001 | -0.02,0.02 | .9 | 0.005 | -0.02,0.03 | .6 | 0.02 | 0.000,0.05 | .05 | 0.03 | 0.00,0.05 | .02 |
| 3 mo-6.5 y | -0.001 | -0.02,0.02 | .9 | 0.01 | -0.01,0.04 | .30 | -0.005 | -0.03,0.02 | .7 | 0.004 | -0.03,0.03 | .8 |
| 6.5-15 y | 0.001 | -0.02,0.02 | .1 | 0.01 | -0.01,0.04 | .3 | -0.002 | -0.02,0.02 | .8 | 0.01 | -0.02,0.03 | .6 |
| 15-28 y | -0.01 | -0.03,0.01 | .2 | - | - | - | -0.01 | -0.03,0.02 | .5 | - | - | - |
β* represents unit change in outcome variable with unit change in exposure.
For each risk factor,all 10 conditional variables were included together in regression models. Model 1 was adjusted for adult age; model 2 was additionally adjusted for adult size(BMI and height). All models were adjusted for sociodemographic variables(rural or urban residence at birth,rural or urban residence currently,attained education level,adult household possessions score,smoking history,physical activity,and alcohol consumption).