Table 1.

Oligonucleotides used in polymerase chain reactions.

Oligonucleotide	Sequence (5′–3′)	Product	Application	References
OXA−48−like_F	ATC ACA GGG CGT AGT TGT GC	182 bp	PCR	This study
OXA−48−like_R	GCG TCT GTC CAT CCC ACT TA
NMC-A/IMI_F	CAA TGG CAG GAT TGG TGT CT	412 bp	PCR	This study
NMC-A/IMI_R	CTC ATC GCC TGG AAT AGC TG
OXA-51-like_F	GGA AGT GAA GCG TGT TGG TT	224 bp	PCR	This study
OXA-51-like_R	CCC AAC CAC TTT TTG CGT AT
OXA-58-like_F	AAT TGG CAC GTC GTA TTG GT	231 bp	PCR	This study
OXA-58-like_R	CCC CTC TGC GCT CTA CAT AC
GES_F	CGA AAA AGC AGC TCA GAT CG	184 bp	PCR	This study
GES_R	GTC CGG CCC ATA TGA AAG TT
VIM_F	GAT GGT GTT TGG TCG CAT A	390 bp	PCR	Ellington et al., 2007
VIM_R	CGA ATG CGC AGC ACC AG
KPC_F	ATG GCC GCT GGC TGG CTT TT	785 bp	PCR	Sacha et al., 2012
KPC_R	CGG CCT CGC TGT GCT TGT TCA
IMP_F	GGA ATA GAG TGG CTT AAY TCT C	188 bp	PCR	Ellington et al., 2007
IMP_R	CCA AAC YAC TAS GTT ATC T
NDM_F	GAC CGA TGA CCG CCC AG	372 bp	PCR	Findlay et al., 2012
NDM_R	GAC TTG GCC TTG CTG TCC TT
ampC_F	CTC ACT TAA GCA GGG CAT CG	167 bp	qPCR	This study
ampC_R	TCA CTT CTA CCA CGG GCA AC
ompF_F	GAC GCA GGC TCC TTC GAC TA	172 bp	qPCR	This study
ompF_R	CAA CCA GGC CGA AGA AGT TG
ompC_F	CTA CGG CGT TGT TTA CGA TGT G	150 bp	qPCR	This study
ompC_R	AGA CCA TCA ACC AGA CCG AAG A
rpoB_F	TCC ACT CAT GAC GGA CAA CG	170 bp	qPCR	This study
rpoB_R	GCC ATG AAC CAC GGT AAG GA

Detection of carbapenemase-encoding genes was carried out in the following thermal conditions—5 min of initial denaturation at 95°C, 30 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 15 s, annealing at 55°C for 30 s, and elongation at 72°C for 30–40 s, followed by final elongation at 72°C for 5 min; Analysis of mRNA levels was carried out with the following thermal conditions—5 min of initial denaturation at 95°C, 35 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 15 s, annealing at 55°C for 30 s, and elongation at 72°C for 30 s, followed by analysis of melting profiles of obtained products.