Table 2.
Estimated effects on outcome measures.
| Measure | Mean (SD) |
Change score |
Effect size |
p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Mean | 95% CI | d | 95% CI | ||
| Personal recovery | |||||||
| QPR | 57.50 (11.65) | 62.90 (11.89) | 5.40 | [0.87, 9.93] | 0.46 | [0.07, 0.84] | 0.024 |
| RAS | 154.10 (13.59) | 163.20 (18.80) | 9.10 | [1.44, 16.76] | 0.56 | [0.09, 1.04] | 0.025 |
| Recovery dimensions | |||||||
| SHS | 17.60 (3.92) | 19.80 (6.41) | 2.20 | [−0.515, 4.92] | 0.56 | [−0.13, 1.25] | 0.10 |
| Friendship Scale | 16.00 (2.87) | 16.22 (4.66) | 0.22 | [−3.25, 3.70] | 0.08 | [−1.13, 1.29] | 0.89 |
| Psychotic symptoms | |||||||
| PANSS total | 65.70 (18.58) | 61.40 (19.51) | −4.30 | [−12.51, 3.91] | −0.23 | [−0.66, 0.21] | 0.27 |
| PANSS positive | 17.90 (8.05) | 15.70 (5.87) | −2.20 | [−4.65, 0.25] | −0.32 | [−0.69, 0.03] | 0.07 |
| PANSS negative | 14.50 (3.60) | 14.80 (7.33) | 0.30 | [−4.42, 5.02] | 0.06 | [−0.81, 0.91] | 0.89 |
| PANSS general | 33.30 (10.12) | 32.90 (9.43) | −0.40 | [−3.91, 3.10] | 0.04 | [−0.40, 0.32] | 0.80 |
| SEPS negative impact | 80.43 (30.84) | 61.14 (18.87) | −19.29 | [−43.82, 5.25] | −0.78 | [−1.76, 0.21] | 0.10 |
| Emotional symptoms | |||||||
| DASS total | 25.20 (16.71) | 16.90 (11.21) | −8.30 | [−16.91, 0.31] | −0.60 | [−1.21, 0.02] | 0.06 |
| DASS depression | 8.60 (5.72) | 6.50 (5.40) | −2.10 | [−6.46, 2.26] | −0.38 | [−1.16, 0.41] | 0.31 |
| DASS anxiety | 7.60 (5.19) | 5.20 (2.57) | −2.40 | [−5.32, 0.52] | −0.46 | [−1.03, 0.10] | 0.10 |
| DASS stress | 9.00 (6.60) | 5.20 (4.59) | −3.80 | [−6.79, −0.81] | −0.68 | [−1.21, −0.14] | 0.018 |
| Quality of life | |||||||
| AQoL-8D total | 88.20 (17.25) | 83.90 (16.58) | −4.30 | [−12.01, 3.41] | −0.25 | [−0.71, 0.20] | 0.24 |
| Process measures | |||||||
| GSES total | 27.80 (3.46) | 28.40 (5.44) | 0.60 | [−2.36, 3.56] | 0.13 | [−0.53, 0.80] | 0.66 |
| ISMI total | 65.70 (13.48) | 61.20 (13.60) | −4.50 | [−9.28, 0.28] | −0.33 | [−0.69, 0.02] | 0.06 |
| ISMI alienation | 15.70 (3.89) | 13.20 (3.33) | −2.50 | [−4.09, −0.91] | −0.69 | [−1.13, −0.25] | 0.006 |
| ISMI stereotype endorsement | 11.80 (3.52) | 11.60 (3.57) | −0.20 | [−1.14, 0.74] | −0.06 | [−0.32, 0.21] | 0.64 |
| ISMI discrimination | 12.00 (3.23) | 11.50 (3.47) | −0.50 | [−1.53, 0.53] | −0.15 | [−0.46, 0.16] | 0.30 |
| ISMI social | 15.00 (3.74) | 14.40 (3.75) | −0.60 | [−2.15, 0.95] | −0.16 | [−0.58, 0.25] | 0.41 |
| ISMI stigma | 11.20 (2.10) | 10.50 (1.72) | −0.70 | [−2.13, 0.73] | −0.37 | [−1.12, 0.38] | 0.30 |
N = 10, except for SEPS negative impact (N = 7).
QPR, Questionnaire for the Process of Recovery; RAS, Recovery Assessment Scale; SHS, Schizophrenia Hope Scale; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SEPS, Subjective Experience of Psychosis Scale; DASS-21, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21; AQoL-8D, Assessment of Quality of Life-8 dimension; GSES, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale; ISMI, Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness.