Table 3.
ORs for depression severity defined as PHQ-9 scores ≥5 and ≥10 in patients with diabetes classified by stage of nephropathy
| PHQ-9 scores ≥5 |
PHQ-9 scores ≥10 |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|||||||||
| OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | |
| Stage of diabetic nephropathy | ||||||||||||
| 1 (reference) | 1.00 | − | − | 1.00 | − | − | 1.00 | − | − | 1.00 | − | − |
| 2 | 1.24 | 0.96 to 1.61 | 0.100 | 1.14 | 0.85 to 1.52 | 0.385 | 1.19 | 0.80 to 1.74 | 0.373 | 1.08 | 0.72 to 1.64 | 0.703 |
| 3 | 2.06 | 1.41 to 3.00 | <0.001 | 1.55 | 1.01 to 2.36 | 0.045 | 2.46 | 1.55 to 3.91 | <0.001 | 1.97 | 1.17 to 3.34 | 0.011 |
| 4 | 2.48 | 1.89 to 3.27 | <0.001 | 2.21 | 1.59 to 3.07 | <0.001 | 2.27 | 1.60 to 3.22 | <0.001 | 2.19 | 1.43 to 3.35 | <0.001 |
| 5 (dialysis) | 3.23 | 2.36 to 4.44 | <0.001 | 2.87 | 1.91 to 4.32 | <0.001 | 3.80 | 2.65 to 5.44 | <0.001 | 3.39 | 2.13 to 5.39 | <0.001 |
| 5 (transplantation) | 2.17 | 1.18 to 4.00 | 0.013 | 1.67 | 0.85 to 3.29 | 0.135 | 2.91 | 1.44 to 5.91 | 0.003 | 2.28 | 1.04 to 5.00 | 0.039 |
| Age (per 10 years) | 0.76 | 0.70 to 0.83 | <0.001 | 0.81 | 0.72 to 0.91 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Gender (men vs women) | 0.70 | 0.58 to 0.86 | <0.001 | 0.72 | 0.55 to 0.95 | 0.017 | ||||||
| HbA1c (per 1.0%) | 1.15 | 1.06 to 1.24 | <0.001 | 1.22 | 1.11 to 1.35 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Type of diabetes (type 2 vs 1) | 1.00 | 0.73 to 1.38 | 1.000 | 0.90 | 0.59 to 1.36 | 0.610 | ||||||
| Oral hypoglycemic agents (yes vs no) | 1.49 | 1.17 to 1.89 | 0.001 | 1.39 | 1.01 to 1.92 | 0.042 | ||||||
| Injections (yes vs no) | 1.16 | 0.92 to 1.47 | 0.205 | 0.99 | 0.72 to 1.36 | 0.937 | ||||||
| Antihypertensive agents (yes vs no) | 1.04 | 0.84 to 1.30 | 0.710 | 0.78 | 0.58 to 1.07 | 0.122 | ||||||
| Antilipemic agents (yes vs no) | 1.07 | 0.87 to 1.31 | 0.540 | 1.27 | 0.96 to 1.67 | 0.101 | ||||||
| Retinopathy (yes vs no) | 1.24 | 1.01 to 1.53 | 0.039 | 1.45 | 1.09 to 1.92 | 0.010 | ||||||
| Neuropathy (yes vs no) | 2.36 | 1.91 to 2.91 | <0.001 | 2.62 | 1.90 to 3.61 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Cardiac disease (yes vs no) | 1.46 | 1.11 to 1.93 | 0.007 | 1.36 | 0.95 to 1.95 | 0.094 | ||||||
| Stroke (yes vs no) | 1.89 | 1.00 to 3.54 | 0.049 | 1.99 | 0.96 to 4.14 | 0.065 | ||||||
| Gangrene (yes vs no) | 1.83 | 0.79 to 4.24 | 0.156 | 1.48 | 0.62 to 3.55 | 0.378 | ||||||
ORs were estimated using a multivariate logistic model with stage 1 diabetic nephropathy as the reference group.
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.