Table 1.

Reports of Transcranial Low-Level Laser Therapy Used for Stroke in Animal Models

Subject	Stroke model	Parameters	Effect	References
Rat	MCAO	660 nm; 8.8 mW; 2.64 J/cm2; pulse frequency of 10 kHz; Laser applied at cerebrum at 1, 5, and 10 min	Suppression of NOS activity and upregulation of TGF-β1	44
Rat	MCAO	808 nm; 7.5 mW/cm2; 0.9 J/cm2; 3.6 J/cm2 at cortical surface; CW and pulse wave at 70 Hz, 4 mm diameter	Administration of LLLT 24 h after stroke onset induced functional benefit and neurogenesis induction	45
Rabbit	RSCEM	808 ± 5 nm; 7.5 W/cm2, 2-min duration 3 h after stroke and 25 mW/cm2 10-min duration 1 or 6 h after stroke	Improved behavioral performance and durable effect after LLLT within 6 h from stroke onset	46
Rat	MCAO	808 nm; 0.5 mW/cm2; 0.9 J/cm2 on brain 3 mm dorsal to the eye and 2 mm anterior to the ear	LLLT applied at different locations on the skull improved neurological function after acute stroke	47
Rabbit	RSCEM	808 nm; 7.5 mW/cm2; 0.9 J/cm2; 3.6 J/cm2 at cortical surface; CW; 300 min; pulse at 1 kHz, 2 min at 100 Hz	LLLT administered 6 h after embolic stroke resulted in clinical improvements in rabbits	48

CW, continuous wave; LLLT, low-level laser therapy; MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; RSCEM, rabbit small clot embolic model; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1.