Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of Patients in the Ketosis and Control groups.
| Characterizes | All (N = 474) | Type 2 diabetes (N = 221) | Type 2 diabetes + Ketosis (N = 253) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 52.8 ± 17.5 | 55.0 ± 16.6 | 50.9 ± 18.1 | 0.010a |
| Gender (Male) | 310 (65.4%) | 141 (63.8%) | 169 (66.8%) | 0.494 |
| Diabetes history (year) | ||||
| 0 | 129 (27.2%) | 40 (18.1%) | 89 (35.2%) | — |
| 1~10 | 218 (46.0%) | 113 (51.1%) | 105 (41.5%) | — |
| 10+ | 127 (26.8%) | 68 (30.8%) | 59 (23.3%) | — |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 4.5 | 25.3 ± 4.5 | 25.0 ± 4.6 | 0.542 |
| Plasma ketones (mmol/l) | 0.2 (0.0, 1, 8) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) | 1.7 (0.9, 3.4) | <0.001a |
| Urine ketones (ml/l) | ||||
| 0 (0.8) | 226 (47.7%) | 221 (100%) | 5 (2.0%) | |
| 1+ (1.5) | 25 (5.3%) | 0 | 25 (9.9%) | |
| 2+ (4.0) | 65 (13.7%) | 0 | 65 (25.7%) | |
| 3+ (>8.0) | 63 (13.3%) | 0 | 63 (24.9%) | |
| 4+ (>8.0) | 95 (20%) | 0 | 95 (37.5%) | |
| HbA1c (%) | 10.1 ± 2.7 | 8.5 ± 2.0 | 11.5 ± 2.4 | <0.001a |
| Hemoglobin (g/l) | ||||
| Male | 143.4 ± 12.2 | 143.9 ± 9.8 | 142.9 ± 13.8 | 0.520 |
| Female | 129.9 ± 12.5 | 130.3 ± 7.0 | 129.5 ± 16.1 | 0.712 |
| Admission glucose (mmol/l) | 16.5 ± 7.7 | 12.0 ± 4.9 | 20.1 ± 7.7 | <0.001a |
| FPG (mmol/l) | 9.7 ± 4.0 | 8.2 ± 3.1 | 11.0 ± 4.2 | <0.001a |
| 2h-PG (mmol/l) | 18.4 ± 5.3 | 17.0 ± 4.9 | 19.9 ± 5.4 | <0.001a |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/l) | 10.0 (6.0, 17.1) | 10.3 (6.2, 18.1) | 10.0 (5.8, 16.8) | 0.180 |
| 2h-postprandial insulin (pmol/l) | 22.8 (13.2, 38.2) | 30.6 (17.6, 53.8) | 17.2 (10.2, 29.3) | <0.001a |
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/l) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.3) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.7) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.0) | <0.001a |
| 2h-postprandialC-peptide (nmol/l) | 3.4 (2.3, 5.4) | 4.7 (3.1, 6.9) | 2.6 (1.8, 3.9) | <0.001a |
| TC (mmol/l) | 4.8 ± 1.4 | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 4.9 ± 1.5 | 0.006a |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.3) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.5) | 0.016a |
| LDL (mmol/l) | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 0.372 |
| HDL (mmol/l) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.713 |
| FFA (mmol/l) | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | <0.001a |
| Arterial PH | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 0.057 |
| Bicarbonate (mmol/l) | 22.3 (17.8, 24.8) | 25.5 (23.6, 26.4) | 22.3 (17.8, 24.7) | 0.232 |
| BE (mmol/l) | −1.4 (−5.8, 0.7) | 1.4 (−0.1, 2.7) | −1.6 (−6.0, 0.6) | 0.005a |
| Osmolality (mOsm/kg) | 296.6 ± 10.6 | 296.5 ± 6.4 | 296.6 ± 13.0 | 0.859 |
| sCr (umol/l) | 68.04 ± 28.60 | 70.4 ± 29.6 | 66.0 ± 27.6 | 0.097 |
| BUN (mmol/l) | 6.05 ± 2.56 | 6.1 ± 2.2 | 6.0 ± 2.9 | 0.916 |
| AST (U/L) | 27.1 (23.8, 30.4) | 23.6 (20.6, 26.8) | 30.1 (24.5, 35.7) | 0.197 |
| ALT (U/L) | 33.4 (27.4, 39.5) | 32.6 (21.6, 43.5) | 34.7 (28.1, 41.2) | 0.301 |
Continuous normal distribution variables are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD); continuous skew distribution variables are presented as medians (interquartile ranges); categorical data are given as numbers in percentage. BMI: body mass index; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; 2h-PG: 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; FFA: free fatty acids; BE: base excess; sCr: serum creatinine; BUN: blood urine nitrogen; AST: glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase; ALT: glutamic-pyruvic transaminase. aP < 0.05.