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. 2016 Dec 23;6:39318. doi: 10.1038/srep39318

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) TEM analysis of epididymal sperm. i, Note the normal head and axoneme with typical “9 + 2” microtubule structure (nine pairs of peripheral and two central microtubules) in wild-type mice. ii–iv, Abnormalities in Mkrn2 knockout mouse sperm were evaluated by the appearance of deformed heads (ii, asterisk), deformed “9 + 2” structures with missing and/or misarranged microtubules (iii-iv, arrows) and lack of Odf (iv, arrowhead). Scale bar = 1 μm. (b) The Odf2 protein levels in wild-type and Mkrn2 knockout mouse sperm and testes, respectively. β-Tubulin was used as the loading control. (c) The Odf2 mRNA expression levels in the testes were determined by RT-qPCR and normalized to that of β-Tubulin. Data are represented as the means ± SE. From six different testes tissue samples for each phenotype. Error bars represent SE. *P < 0.05 (two-tailed Student’s t test).