Table 3. Characteristics of patients with nondiabetic stage 4–5 CKD by glycosuria in the longitudinal cohort study.
| Variable | All | Non-glycosuria | Glycosuria | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients, n | 769 | 490 | 279 | |
| Demographics and Medical History | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 61.3 (15.2) | 61.6 (15.8) | 60.6 (14.2) | 0.680 |
| Male, n (%) | 351 (45.6) | 242 (49.4) | 109 (39.1) | 0.006 |
| BMI, mean (SD), Kg/m2 | 24.0 (4.2) | 24.3 (4.2) | 23.5 (4.2) | 0.011 |
| MBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 101.1 (14.3) | 101.6 (14.7) | 100.4 (13.6) | 0.267 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 56 (7.3) | 40 (8.2) | 16 (5.7) | 0.213 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 482 (62.7) | 304 (62.0) | 178 (63.8) | 0.628 |
| Hyperuricemia, n (%) | 137 (17.8) | 109 (22.2) | 28 (10.0) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 145 (18.9) | 103 (21.0) | 42 (15.1) | 0.042 |
| Causes of chronic kidney diseasesa | 0.095 | |||
| Primary glomerular disease | 459 (59.7) | 278 (56.7) | 181 (64.9) | |
| Tubulointerstitial nephropathy | 157 (20.4) | 106 (21.6) | 51 (18.3) | |
| Hypertensive nephrosclerosis | 111 (14.4) | 80 (16.3) | 31 (11.1) | |
| Others | 42 (5.5) | 26 (5.3) | 16 (5.7) | |
| Medication | ||||
| RAS blockers, n (%) | 289 (37.6) | 222 (45.3) | 67 (24.0) | <0.001 |
| Other antihypertensives, n (%) | 269 (35.0) | 197 (40.2) | 72 (25.8) | <0.001 |
| Statins, n (%) | 110 (14.3) | 81 (16.5) | 29 (10.4) | 0.019 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 124 (16.1) | 81 (16.5) | 43 (15.4) | 0.685 |
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | 128 (16.6) | 92 (18.8) | 36 (12.9) | 0.036 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 45 (8.4) | 24 (9.0) | 21 (7.9%) | 0.027 |
| Renal Function Status | ||||
| eGFR, median (IQR), ml/min/1.73 m2 b | 12.1 (7.3–19.0) | 14.8 (9.3–21.3) | 8.4 (5.8–12.6) | <0.001 |
| Urine PCR, median (IQR), mg/g | 1406 (950–2308) | 1303 (890–2207) | 1579 (1050–2461) | <0.001 |
| CKD stage | <0.001 | |||
| Stage 4 | 288 (37.5) | 241 (49.2) | 47 (16.8) | |
| Stage 5 | 481 (62.5) | 249 (50.8) | 232 (83.2) | |
| Laboratory Data | ||||
| Hemoglobin, mean (SD), g/dL | 9.7 (1.9) | 10.1 (2.0) | 9.0 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Albumin, mean (SD), g/dL | 3.9 (0.5) | 3.9 (0.5) | 3.9 (0.5) | 0.552 |
| Blood glucose, mean (SD), mg/dl | 98.2 (15.0) | 97.2 (14.2) | 99.6 (16.4) | 0.037 |
| Total cholesterol, median (IQR), mg/dL | 187 (158–215) | 190 (160–222) | 184 (153–210) | 0.024 |
| Triglyceride, median (IQR), mg/dL | 115 (81–163) | 123 (85–170) | 101 (75–149) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, median (IQR), mg/L | 1.2 (0.5–5.1) | 1.1 (0.4–5.5) | 1.4 (0.5–5.0) | 0.098 |
| Hba1c, % | 5.4 (0.6) | 5.4 (0.6) | 5.3 (0.6) | 0.003 |
| Sodium, mean (SD), mEq/L | 138.2 (3.4) | 138.3 (3.5) | 138.1 (3.1) | 0.425 |
| Potassium, mean (SD), mEq/L | 4.4 (0.6) | 4.5 (0.6) | 4.4 (0.6) | 0.008 |
| Phosphorus, mean (SD), mg/dL | 4.9 (1.4) | 4.8 (1.4) | 5.2 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Calcium, mean (SD), mg/dL | 8.9 (0.8) | 9.0 (0.8) | 8.7 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Bicarbonate, mean (SD), mEq/L | 19.1 (4.3) | 20.0 (4.2) | 17.4 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, mean (SD), mg/dL | 8.0 (2.0) | 8.5 (2.0) | 7.1 (1.7) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, c-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Hba1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; IQR, interquartile range; MBP, mean blood pressure; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; SD, standard deviation; UPCR: urine protein-creatinine ratio.
aThe distribution of the causes of chronic kidney diseases is similar to the national epidemiologic data in Taiwan ( http://www.tsn.org.tw/UI/K/K008.aspx).
bObtained by using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation.