Table 4. Risk of clinical outcomes by glycosuria status in patients with nondiabetic stage 4–5 CKDa.
| Events (%) | Crude Event Rate (/100 patient-years) | Riskd |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Model 1 | Fully adjusted model | |||
| ESRDb | |||||
| Non-glycosuria | 214 (43.7) | 11.00 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Glycosuria | 171 (61.3) | 18.13 | 1.78 (1.45–2.18) | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | 0.77 (0.62–0.97) |
| Rapid Renal Function Declinec | |||||
| Non-glycosuria | 134 (27.3) | 6.89 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Glycosuria | 50 (17.9) | 4.02 | 0.59 (0.41–0.85) | 0.61 (0.40–0.91) | 0.63 (0.43–0.95) |
| Cardiovascular events | |||||
| Non-glycosuria | 71 (14.5) | 3.65 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Glycosuria | 36 (12.9) | 2.89 | 0.96 (0.64–1.43) | 0.79 (0.52–1.22) | 0.88 (0.56–1.37) |
| All-cause Mortality | |||||
| Non-glycosuria | 92 (18.8) | 4.73 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Glycosuria | 46 (16.5) | 3.70 | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) | 0.94 (0.64–1.38) | 0.92 (0.62–1.37) |
Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; CKD, Chronic kidney disease; CI, Confidence interval; HR, Hazard ratio; UPCR, Urine protein-creatinine ratio.
aModel 1 adjusts for age, gender, eGFR, log-transformed UPCR, and causes of CKD; fully adjusted model adjusts for covariates in model 1 plus cardiovascular disease history, mean blood pressure, hemoglobin, albumin, log-transformed CRP, BMI, log-transformed cholesterol, phosphorus, uric acid, potassium and bicarbonate.
bESRD includes long-term hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and renal transplantation.
cdefined as eGFR slope <−5 ml/min/1.73 m2/year based on Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guideline.
dHazard ratio of ESRD, cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality; odds ratio of rapid renal function decline.