Fig. 4.

Relative frequency of antibiotic drug classes used in 8992 treated respiratory illness episodes among 1672 children in the MAL-ED birth cohort, 2009–2014

MAL-ED: Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development Project.

Notes: Distinct antibiotic courses were counted when separated by at least two antibiotic-free days. Courses are included in multiple class categories if more than one drug class was given. Number of treated respiratory illness episodes at study sites: Dhaka (Bangladesh) n = 2575; Fortaleza (Brazil), n = 153; Vellore (India) n = 817; Bhaktapur (Nepal) n = 600; Naushahro Feroze (Pakistan) n = 2163; Loreto (Peru) n = 1490; Venda (South Africa) n =  316; Haydom (United Republic of Tanzania) n = 878; all sites n = 8992.