. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016 Nov 7;64(12):2448–2456. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14658

Table 2.

Univariate Associations of Reproductive Factors with Cognitive Composite Scores

Variables	Global Composite		Verbal Memory		Executive Functions
Variables	Estimate (SE)	p-value	Estimate (SE)	p-value	Estimate (SE)	p-value
Age (years)	−0.04 (0.01)	<0.001	−0.07 (0.01)	<0.001	−0.13 (0.02)	<0.001
Race or Ethnicity
White non-Hispanic	Ref	<0.001^a	Ref	<0.001^a	Ref	<0.001^a
Black non-Hispanic	−0.89 (0.21)		−0.82 (0.36)		−2.01 (0.44)
Hispanic	−1.20 (0.17)		−1.54 (0.30)		−3.35 (0.36)
Asian or Pacific Islander	−0.93 (0.21)		−1.46 (0.36)		−1.62 (0.43)
Other	−1.09 (0.45)		−2.04 (0.77)		−1.84 (0.92)
Education (years)	0.25 (0.03)	<0.001	0.32 (0.04)	<0.001	0.61 (0.05)	<0.001
Annual Income (thousands)
<$50K	Ref	<0.001^a	Ref	<0.001^a	Ref	<0.001^a
$50K–$89.99K	0.64 (0.15)		1.03 (0.27)		1.49 (0.32)
≥$90K	1.17 (0.14)		1.79 (0.25)		2.80 (0.30)
Not Reported	0.03 (0.24)		0.01 (0.41)		0.55 (0.51)
Age at Menarche
≥13 years	−0.21 (0.12)	0.08	−0.23 (0.21)	0.27	−0.18 (0.26)	0.48
Age at Menopause
>52 years	0.15 (0.13)	0.26	0.02 (0.23)	0.92	0.22 (0.26)	0.43
Reproductive Period (years)	0.03 (0.01)	0.019	0.03 (0.02)	0.16	0.04 (0.03)	0.11
Number of Full-Term Pregnancies
1 full-term	Ref	0.003^a	Ref	0.004^a	Ref	0.003^a
2 full-term	0.37 (0.19)	0.04	0.60 (0.31)	0.05	0.76 (0.38)	0.05
> 2 full-term	0.10 (0.18)	0.59	0.21 (0.31)	0.51	−0.19 (0.39)	0.63
Never Pregnant	0.21 (0.21 )	0.32	0.38 (0.39)	0.28	0.49 (0.44)	0.27
No full-term pregnancies	0.95 (0.23)	<0.001	1.41 (0.39)	<0.001	1.37 (0.49)	0.005
Never Pregnant	0.08 (0.16)	0.66	0.08 (0.28)	0.78	−0.11 (0.35)	0.75
Age at First Pregnancy
≤24 years	Ref	0.31^a	Ref	0.43^a	Ref	0.02^a
>24 years	0.19 (0.13)	0.14	0.29 (0.22)	0.20	0.80 (0.28)	0.004
Never Pregnant	0.01 (0.17)	0.94	0.05 (0.30)	0.87	0.46 (0.37)	0.21
Age at Last Pregnancy
≤35 years	Ref	0.055^a	Ref	0.03^a	Ref	0.69^a
>35 years	0.36 (0.15)	0.02	0.69 (0.26)	0.008	0.26 (0.32)	0.42
Never Pregnant	0.009 (0.17)	0.96	0.09 (0.29)	0.74	0.17 (0.36)	0.63
Duration of Hormonal Contraceptive Use
None	Ref	<0.001^a	Ref	<0.001^a	Ref	<0.001^a
1 – 4 years	0.92 (0.17)	<0.001	1.45 (0.28)	<0.001	1.72 (0.36)	<0.001
5 – 10 years	0.87 (0.17)	<0.001	1.29 (0.28)	<0.001	1.71 (0.36)	<0.001
>10 years	1.09 (0.19)	<0.001	1.92 (0.31)	<0.001	2.31 (0.38)	<0.001
Any Hormonal Contraception	0.95 (0.14)	<0.001	1.52 (0.25)	<0.001	1.89 (0.31)	<0.001
Any Menopausal Hormone Therapy	−0.11 (0.13)	0.40	−0.18 (0.22)	0.42	−0.60 (0.27)	0.03
Years Since Menopause	−0.04 (0.01)	<0.001	−0.06 (0.01)	<0.001	−0.12 (0.02)	<0.001

Global p-value (race/ethnicity, income, number of full-term pregnancies, age at first and last pregnancy) or p-value for trend (duration of hormonal contraceptive use)