Table 1.
Patient characteristics by induction agent.
| Characteristic | Etomidate (n=526) | Ketamine (n=442) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 39.8 (26–57) | 37.1 (26.6–53.5) |
| Gender (female), n (%) | 139 (26.4) | 122 (27.6) |
| Race (white), n (%) | 392 (74.5) | 324 (73.3) |
| Race (black), n (%) | 103 (19.6) | 101 (22.9) |
| Race (other), n (%) | 31 (5.9) | 17 (3.8) |
| Patient Characteristics at ED Presentation | ||
| Glasgow Coma Scale, median (IQR) | 13 (7–15) | 12 (5–15) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), median (IQR) | 130 (107–150) | 122 (100–143) |
| Diastolic blood pressure* (mm Hg), median (IQR) | 80 (64–90) | 80 (62–90) |
| Heart rate (beats/min), median (IQR) | 103 (83–119) | 103 (88–120) |
| Respiratory rate* (breaths/min), median (IQR) | 20 (16–24) | 19 (16–24) |
| Injury Mechanisms | ||
| Any Blunt Mechanism, n (%) | 441 (83.8) | 361 (81.7) |
| Motor vehicle crash, n (%) | 217 (41.3) | 170 (38.5) |
| Fall, n (%) | 88 (16.7) | 58 (13.1) |
| Motorcycle crash, n (%) | 52 (9.9) | 49 (11.1) |
| Pedestrian vs motor vehicle, n (%) | 32 (6.1) | 32 (7.2) |
| Assault, n (%) | 33 (6.3) | 27 (6.1) |
| Crush, n (%) | 11 (2.1) | 9 (2) |
| Bicycle crash, n (%) | 4 (0.8) | 4 (0.9) |
| Other, n (%) | 4 (0.8) | 12 (2.7) |
| Any Penetrating Mechanism, n (%) | 85 (16.2) | 81 (18.3) |
| Gunshot wound, n (%) | 61 (11.6) | 59 (13.4) |
| Stab, n (%) | 20 (3.8) | 19 (4.3) |
| Impalement, n (%) | 3 (0.6) | 0 (0) |
| Other, n (%) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.7) |
| Specific Injuries | ||
| Acute adrenal injurya, n (%) | 29 (5.5) | 7 (1.6) |
| Traumatic brain injuryb, n (%) | 178 (33.8) | 134 (30.3) |
| Injury Severity | ||
| Injury Severity Scorec, median (IQR) | 22 (13–33) | 22 (13–29) |
| APACHE II score d*, median (IQR) | 22 (17–27) | 21 (16–26) |
| Presentation SBP < 100 mm Hg, n (%) | 117 (22.2) | 121 (27.4) |
| Elixhausere summary score*, median (IQR) | 5 (0.5–11) | 5 (1–9) |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ED, emergency department; APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; SBP, systolic blood pressure
Defined as focal adrenal hematoma, gross or focal adrenal hemorrhage, and/or active adrenal extravasation per attending radiologist read of initial computed tomography.
Defined as intracranial bleed (epidural, subdural, subarachnoid, intra-axial [intraparenchymal and/or intraventricular]) and/or shear/diffuse axonal injury per attending radiologist read of initial head computed tomography.
Injury Severity Score: score range is 0 to 75. Increasing score indicates greater injury severity and correlates with risk of death. A score greater than 15 is typically defined as major trauma.
APACHE II: score range is 0 to 71. A higher score correlates with higher risk of death.
Elixhauser summary score: comorbidity score, based on the presence of 30 comorbidities, that ranges from −19 to 89; higher score correlates with increased risk of hospital mortality.
Data not complete for all 968 patients. Patients with missing data: 109 (11.3%) for presentation diastolic blood pressure; 121 (12.5%) for presentation respiratory rate; 49 (5.1%) for APACHE II; 275 (28.4%) for Elixhauser summary score.