Figure 4.

The evolution of major human pathogenic lineages of E. coli relative to their closely related Marmot E. coli strains. Key non-Marmot E. coli strains are given by name and Marmot E. coli strains were highlighted with a red dot. Outside the circle in the different shaded circles are a detailed depiction of the pathogenic E. coli lineages with gain and loss of genes. Gain of gains is marked by a black arrow, while loss of genes is marked by a vertical green bar. Escherichia Clades I–V strains were used as an outgroup.²⁹