Table 3.
Associations of HDL-C and LDL-C with sepsis rates
| Include HDL-C + LDL-C in same model | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Unadjusted | Add demographics + health behaviors + chronic medical conditions | Add biomarkers | Add functional status measures | HDL-C and LDL-C quartiles | HDL-C and LDL-C clinical categories | HDL-C and LDL-C SD | HDL-C and LDL-C percent of total cholesterol |
| HDL-C quartile | ||||||||
| Q1 (5–40 mg/dl) | 1.71 (1.48–1.98) | 1.22 (1.03–1.44) | 1.08 (0.91–1.27) | 1.07 (0.90–1.26) | 1.08 (0.91–1.28) | |||
| Q2 (41–49 mg/dl) | 1.37 (1.17–1.60) | 1.11 (0.94–1.32) | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 1.05 (0.89–1.23) | 1.07 (0.91–1.26) | |||
| Q3 (50–61 mg/dl) | 1.18 (1.01–1.39) | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) | 1.04 (0.88–1.22) | 1.04 (0.88–1.22) | 1.06 (0.90–1.24) | |||
| Q4 (62–199 mg/dl) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Trend p value | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.39 | |||
| HDL-C clinical category | ||||||||
| <40 mg/dl | 1.69 (1.47–1.95) | 1.20 (1.02–1.41) | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 1.05 (0.89–1.23) | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | |||
| 40–59 mg/dl | 1.25 (1.10–1.43) | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | |||
| ≥60 mg/dl | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| HDL-C (per SD) (mg/dl) | 0.83 (0.79–0.88) | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | |||
| HDL-C % of total cholesterol (per SD) | 0.95 (0.91–1.01) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 1.06 (1.01–1.13) | 1.06 (1.01–1.13) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | |||
| LDL-C quartile | ||||||||
| Q1 (3–89 mg/dl) | 1.70 (1.47–1.97) | 1.29 (1.10–1.52) | 1.31 (1.12–1.54) | 1.30 (1.11–1.53) | 1.31 (1.11–1.54) | |||
| Q2 (90–111 mg/dl) | 1.42 (1.21–1.66) | 1.25 (1.06–1.47) | 1.26 (1.07–1.48) | 1.25 (1.06–1.48) | 1.26 (1.06–1.48) | |||
| Q3 (112–135 mg/dl) | 1.13 (0.97–1.33) | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) | 1.08 (0.91–1.26) | 1.07 (0.91–1.26) | 1.08 (0.91–1.27) | |||
| Q4 (136–388 mg/dl) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Trend p value | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| LDL-C clinical category | ||||||||
| <130 mg/dl | 1.49 (1.23–1.81) | 1.23 (1.01–1.51) | 1.27 (1.04–1.55) | 1.26 (1.03–1.54) | 1.26 (1.03–1.55) | |||
| 130–159 mg/dl | 1.02 (0.82–1.28) | 1.00 (0.80–1.26) | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | |||
| ≥160 mg/dl | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| LDL-C (per SD) (mg/dl) | 0.81 (0.76–0.85) | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | |||
| LDL-C % of total cholesterol (per SD) | 0.86 (0.81–0.90) | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 0.93 (0.86–0.99) | |||
Data presented as hazard ratio (95% confidence interval). Total of 29,690 REGARDS participants. Hazard ratios estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression and represent pooled estimates from multiple imputation
p values represent tests for linear trends across quartiles
Demographics = age, gender, race, region, income, and education; health behaviors = smoking status and alcohol use; chronic medical conditions = cancer, chronic lung disease, coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, stroke, statin use, and Morisky medication adherence index; biomarkers = hs-CRP, Cystatin C, ACR, and eGFR; functional status measures = weakness, exhaustion, and low physical activity
LDL-C low-density lipoprotein, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein, SD standard deviation, hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, ACR albumin–creatinine ratio, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate