Table 1.
Participant characteristics by diabetes status
| Control (n = 174) | T1D (n = 429) | T2D (n = 85) | P value control vs. T1D | P value control vs. T2D | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 14.1 (11.9, 16.4) | 14.7 (12.2, 17.5) | 15.8 (13.5, 17.8) | 0.060 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 66 (37.9) | 208 (48.5) | 28 (32.9) | 0.023 | 0.518 |
| Race | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 97 (55.7) | 339 (79.0) | 21 (24.7) | ||
| African American | 48 (27.6) | 43 (10.0) | 52 (61.2) | ||
| Hispanic | 29 (16.7) | 47 (11.0) | 12 (14.1) | ||
| Parental educational level | 0.019 | <0.001 | |||
| ≤12 years | 87 (50.0) | 168 (39.2) | 67 (78.8) | ||
| >12 years | 87 (50.0) | 261 (60.8) | 18 (21.2) | ||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 76.4 (69.4, 87.6) | 78.0 (69.8, 86.0) | 108.8 (100.0, 120.2) | 0.978 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.2 (19.1, 26.5) | 21.8 (19.1, 25.0) | 34.5 (29.8, 40.1) | 0.125 | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 40 (23.0) | 52 (12.1) | 74 (87.1) | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | NA | 3.3 (0.9, 7.9) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.0) | <0.001* | |
| Total folate (μg/L) | 19.9 (14.5, 25.2) | 20.2 (15.2, 25.0) | 16.0 (11.6, 22.0) | 0.754 | 0.002 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/L) | 555.3 (416.7, 688.7) | 599.8 (485.5, 728.0) | 479.6 (401.7, 607.5) | <0.001 | 0.019 |
| Arsenic exposure | |||||
| ∑As (ng/L) | 83.1 (63.8, 110.3) | 81.7 (64.3, 106.7) | 82.9 (62.3, 98.9) | 0.665 | 0.521 |
| iAs (ng/L) | 50.2 (40.7, 63.05) | 46.6 (36.4, 59.3) | 42.9 (31.9, 55.6) | 0.046 | 0.010 |
| MMA (ng/L) | 8.1 (4.2, 13.9) | 8.9 (5.5, 15.3) | 9.6 (5.2, 16.0) | 0.239 | 0.182 |
| DMA (ng/L) | 21.0 (13.0, 30.1) | 22.8 (15.4, 33.7) | 23.4 (17.7, 30.5) | 0.196 | 0.227 |
| Arsenic metabolism | |||||
| iAs% | 63.4 (51.2, 74.0) | 58.7 (47.7, 68.9) | 58.0 (46.3, 65.6) | 0.011 | 0.027 |
| MMA% | 10.3 (6.3, 14.9) | 11.2 (7.2, 16.6) | 12.7 (7.4, 17.9) | 0.072 | 0.036 |
| DMA% | 25.2 (18.6, 33.5) | 28.9 (21.0, 36.1) | 29.3 (21.4, 35.7) | 0.014 | 0.048 |
Data are median (interquartile range) and n (%). P values were obtained by Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.*P value for the comparison between T1D and T2D.