Table 1.
Characteristicsa of participants.
| Characteristics | Cases (n=255) | Controls (n=390) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical | |||
| Age, years | 46(38, 53) | 44 (35, 53) | 0.199 |
| Women, n (%) | 100(39.2) | 180 (46.1) | 0.082 |
| Race-ethnicity, n (%) | 0.797 | ||
| White | 154(60.3) | 244(62.5) | |
| Black | 33(12.9) | 45(11.5) | |
| Hispanic | 43(16.8) | 72(18.4) | |
| Asian | 17(6.6) | 19(4.8) | |
| Other | 8(3.1) | 10(2.5) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27 ± 5.5 | 26.5 ± 5.1 | 0.483 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 65(25.4) | 50(12.8) | <.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 21(8.2) | 16(4.1) | 0.027 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 37(14.5) | 35(8.9) | 0.029 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 89(34.9) | 138(35.3) | 0.900 |
| Menopause (in women), n (%) | 39(39) | 79(43.9) | 0.427 |
| Family history of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 58(22.7) | 80(20.5) | 0.499 |
| Migraine with aura, n (%) | 44(17.2) | 31(7.9) | <.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 95.1±16.2 | 94.2±15.6 | 0.548 |
| C-reactive protein, nmol/L | 7.9(3.7, 15.1) | 8.2(4.5, 16.7) | 0.396 |
| Interatrial shunt, n (%) | 147(57.7) | 96(24.6) | <.001 |
| Lp(a), molecular-weight dependent assayb | |||
| Overall, mg/dl | 24.7(8.8, 65.4) | 16.6(6.4, 41.8) | 0.001 |
| Whites | 18.3(6.0, 54.3) | 12.3(6.0, 32.7) | 0.027 |
| Blacks | 68.8(36.2, 93.9) | 60.3(30.0, 84.8) | 0.473 |
| Hispanics | 24.6(13.6, 74.6) | 26.1(9.2, 42.2) | 0.359 |
| Lp(a), molecular-weight independent assay | |||
| Overall, nmol/L | 30.5(6.3, 79.5) | 24.0(4.3, 69.7) | 0.121 |
| Whites | 20.9(4.1, 75.3) | 11.5(3.1, 51.6) | 0.078 |
| Blacks | 70(37.7, 111.9) | 89.4(38.6, 132.9) | 0.303 |
| Hispanics | 18.4(8.3, 66.2) | 38.7(8.5, 75.9) | 0.335 |
| Apo(a), number of kringle IV type 2 repeats | |||
| Overall | 23.0(21.5, 28.0) | 23.0(22.0, 27.5) | 0.664 |
| Whites | 23.0(21.0, 27.0) | 22.0(21.0, 27.0) | 0.945 |
| Blacks | 24.0(22.0, 27.0) | 26.0(23.0, 28.0) | 0.303 |
| Hispanics | 25.0(21.0, 28.0) | 24.0(22.0, 28.0) | 0.848 |
a
Continuous variables presented as mean±standard deviation or median (interquartile range)
b
Multiply by 0.0357 to convert to μmol/L.