Table 4.
Effect of Patient Factors on Plasma Peak Concentration (Cmax) of the First-Line Antituberculosis Drugs in Ghanaian Children With Tuberculosis
| Isoniazid |
Rifampin |
Pyrazinamide |
Ethambutol |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | No. | Median (IQR) | P-Value | No. | Median (IQR) | P-Value | No. | Median (IQR) | P-Value | No. | Median (IQR) | P-Value |
| Age (y) | .812 | .324 | .024 | .052 | ||||||||
| <2 | 10 | 4.8 (2.0–6.4) | 10 | 4.7 (2.3–8.7) | 10 | 18.3 (8.7–32.0) | 8 | 1.0 (0.4–2.0) | ||||
| ≥2 | 52 | 4.8 (3.7–6.4) | 52 | 6.4 (3.9–8.8) | 49 | 29.1 (23.5–35.6) | 51 | 2.1 (1.0–3.1) | ||||
| Age (y) | .689 | .061 | .235 | .010 | ||||||||
| <5 | 29 | 4.8 (3.7–6.1) | 29 | 5.5 (3.2–8.2) | 28 | 26.5 (19.8–33.2) | 27 | 1.5 (0.7–2.1) | ||||
| ≥5 | 33 | 4.8 (3.7–6.5) | 33 | 7.7 (5.1–9.2) | 31 | 29.1 (22.8–36.7) | 32 | 2.6 (1.4–3.4) | ||||
| Sex | .021 | .386 | .092 | .542 | ||||||||
| Female | 30 | 5.8 (4.2–6.5) | 30 | 6.7 (3.5–8.9) | 29 | 32.3 (23.6–39.1) | 30 | 2.3 (0.9–3.1) | ||||
| Male | 32 | 4.2 (3.3–5.6) | 32 | 5.8 (3.5–8.4) | 30 | 25.5 (20.6–32.5) | 29 | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) | ||||
| HIV infection | .102 | .021 | .289 | .011 | ||||||||
| Negative | 34 | 5.4 (4.2–6.4) | 34 | 7.4 (4.9–9.3) | 32 | 30.4 (25.0–35.4) | 33 | 2.4 (1.5–3.3) | ||||
| Positive | 28 | 4.2 (3.5–6.0) | 28 | 5.5 (3.0–8.2) | 27 | 23.2 (19.2–36.5) | 26 | 1.1 (0.7–2.4) | ||||
| TB site | .737 | .024 | .358 | .553 | ||||||||
| Pulmonary | 48 | 4.7 (3.6–6.5) | 48 | 5.9 (3.4–8.4) | 45 | 26.4 (20.7–35.6) | 45 | 1.9 (0.8–3.1) | ||||
| Extrapulmonary | 14 | 5.0 (4.2–6.2) | 14 | 8.4 (6.6–9.7) | 14 | 30.4 (25.6–34.1) | 14 | 2.0 (1.5–2.7) | ||||
| Weight-for-age Z score | .374 | .297 | .469 | .175 | ||||||||
| ≥–2.0 | 17 | 5.0 (4.5–6.5) | 17 | 8.2 (4.7–9.3) | 14 | 24.9 (22.0–29.7) | 16 | 2.3 (1.1–3.1) | ||||
| <–2.0 | 35 | 4.5 (3.6–6.3) | 35 | 5.9 (3.3–8.7) | 35 | 26.4 (20.3–36.5) | 33 | 1.5 (0.8–2.4) | ||||
| Height-for-age Z score | .175 | .021 | .013 | .004 | ||||||||
| ≥–2.0 | 29 | 4.9 (4.0–6.4) | 29 | 7.7 (5.1–9.2) | 29 | 32.0 (25.6–37.2) | 29 | 2.8 (1.5–3.3) | ||||
| <–2.0 | 32 | 4.4 (2.9–6.2) | 32 | 5.5 (2.5–7.9) | 30 | 22.8 (17.3–33.4) | 29 | 1.4 (0.7–2.0) | ||||
| MUAC (cm) | .672 | .114 | .249 | .006 | ||||||||
| ≥12.5 | 40 | 4.8 (3.6–6.4) | 40 | 6.7 (3.5–9.0) | 38 | 29.0 (23.5–35.6) | 39 | 2.4 (1.4–3.3) | ||||
| <12.5 | 16 | 5.7 (3.1–6.6) | 16 | 5.2 (2.5–7.3) | 16 | 22.4 (17.7–33.5) | 14 | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | ||||
| Dose in new rangea | .007 | .028 | .001 | .229 | ||||||||
| No | 9 | 3.4 (2.5–4.0) | 5 | 3.0 (2.8–3.4) | 38 | 23.8 (20.6–31.1) | 11 | 1.7 (0.8–2.4) | ||||
| Yes | 53 | 5.1 (4.0–6.5) | 57 | 6.6 (4.5–8.8) | 21 | 33.8 (31.4–39.2) | 48 | 2.0 (0.9–3.1) | ||||
| New weight-band doseb | .104 | .250 | .297 | .619 | ||||||||
| Yes | 51 | 5.0 (3.7–6.4) | 51 | 6.5 (3.7–8.9) | 56 | 27.7 (21.6–34.6) | 56 | 1.9 (0.9–3.1) | ||||
| No | 11 | 4.0 (2.5–5.7) | 11 | 5.9 (2.8–7.7) | 3 | 35.6 (24.2–40.9) | 3 | 2.4 (1.7–2.8) | ||||
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; TB, tuberculosis; MUAC, mid-upper-arm circumference.
aNew World Health Organization (WHO) recommended dosage range (isoniazid 7–15 mg/kg, rifampin 10–20 mg/kg, pyrazinamide 30–40 mg/kg, ethambutol 15–25 mg/kg).
bSome patients received old weight-band dosage prior to adoption of new WHO guidelines.