Table 5.
Effect of Patient Factors on Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC0–8h) of the First-Line Antituberculosis Drugs in Ghanaian Children With Tuberculosis
| Isoniazid |
Rifampin |
Pyrazinamide |
Ethambutol |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | No. | Median (IQR) | P-Value | No. | Median (IQR) | P-Value | No. | Median (IQR) | P-Value | No. | Median (IQR) | P-Value |
| Age (y) | .398 | .398 | .032 | .026 | ||||||||
| <2 | 10 | 13.6 (6.4–25.0) | 10 | 20.3 (10.4–35.4) | 10 | 95.9 (53.9–143.6) | 8 | 3.7 (2.1–5.9) | ||||
| ≥2 | 52 | 18.3 (11.0–23.4) | 52 | 28.6 (15.6–36.1) | 49 | 148.8 (125.5–201.2) | 51 | 7.3 (4.1–10.4) | ||||
| Age (y) | .168 | .027 | .122 | .002 | ||||||||
| <5 | 29 | 15.9 (7.8–22.8) | 29 | 21.9 (11.7–33.8) | 28 | 130.0 (96.0–185.8) | 27 | 5.2 (2.9–6.8) | ||||
| ≥5 | 33 | 19.0 (13.2–25.9) | 33 | 31.5 (21.1–36.9) | 31 | 162.4 (116.1–207.6) | 32 | 8.4 (5.8–11.6) | ||||
| Sex | .063 | .285 | .133 | .318 | ||||||||
| Female | 30 | 19.1 (14.4–23.4) | 30 | 26.4 (15.9–37.5) | 29 | 162.4 (123.3–211.6) | 30 | 7.5 (4.2–10.7) | ||||
| Male | 32 | 14.9 (7.8–22.9) | 32 | 25.7 (15.0–34.3) | 30 | 133.1 (105.4–186.2) | 29 | 6.4 (3.8–8.5) | ||||
| HIV infection | .060 | .008 | .048 | .019 | ||||||||
| Negative | 34 | 19.4 (13.4–25.9) | 34 | 32.3 (21.1–42.3) | 32 | 165.9 (129.7–206.4) | 33 | 8.1 (5.3–11.0) | ||||
| Positive | 28 | 14.3 (9.1–20.0) | 28 | 20.3 (11.2–32.3) | 27 | 128.6 (94.6–194.2) | 26 | 4.9 (3.4–7.6) | ||||
| TB site | .586 | .016 | .318 | .441 | ||||||||
| Pulmonary | 48 | 17.4 (10.3–23.4) | 48 | 24.1 (14.1–34.3) | 45 | 134.1 (105.4–200.7) | 45 | 6.7 (3.6–10.4) | ||||
| Extrapulmonary | 14 | 18.6 (9.4–23.6) | 14 | 36.1 (23.7–42.3) | 14 | 157.0 (125.5–209.8) | 14 | 6.5 (5.3–10.2) | ||||
| Weight-for-age Z score | .211 | .161 | .766 | .226 | ||||||||
| ≥–2.0 | 17 | 19.4 (15.8–23.4) | 17 | 34.7 (21.8–36.9) | 14 | 137.6 (125.5–169.4) | 16 | 7.0 (4.5–10.1) | ||||
| <–2.0 | 35 | 14.4 (7.9–22.8) | 35 | 24.1 (15.0–34.8) | 35 | 129.4 (97.3–189.9) | 33 | 5.2 (3.5–8.1) | ||||
| Height-for-age Z score | .052 | .004 | .001 | .008 | ||||||||
| ≥–2.0 | 29 | 19.4 (15.7–23.6) | 29 | 33.8 (23.7–38.2) | 29 | 181.6 (143.6–209.8) | 29 | 8.4 (5.7–11.1) | ||||
| <–2.0 | 32 | 14.3 (8.6–20.4) | 32 | 20.7 (10.6–30.1) | 30 | 119.0 (94.4–162.4) | 29 | 4.2 (3.3–8.1) | ||||
| MUAC (cm) | .807 | .233 | .164 | .015 | ||||||||
| ≥12.5 | 40 | 18.3 (11.9–23.4) | 40 | 28.6 (16.8–35.8) | 38 | 147.4 (128.6–205.2) | 39 | 8.1 (4.1–11.0) | ||||
| <12.5 | 16 | 17.7 (7.9–25.2) | 16 | 20.4 (11.4–32.7) | 16 | 127.9 (88.8–188.1) | 14 | 3.9 (2.4–6.1) | ||||
| Dose in new rangea | .015 | .054 | .002 | .214 | ||||||||
| No | 9 | 10.4 (8.2–13.4) | 5 | 13.6 (11.5–15.0) | 38 | 129.6 (105.4–152.1) | 11 | 6.6 (3.5–8.1) | ||||
| Yes | 53 | 19.0 (13.0–23.6) | 57 | 27.7 (16.4–36.2) | 21 | 194.2 (169.4–217.7) | 48 | 6.7 (4.0–10.8) | ||||
| New weight-band doseb | .068 | .196 | .267 | .282 | ||||||||
| Yes | 51 | 19.0 (9.4–25.0) | 51 | 27.7 (15.7–36.6) | 56 | 144.1 (110.9–197.5) | 56 | 6.5 (3.8–10.3) | ||||
| No | 11 | 13.0 (10.2–17.7) | 11 | 24.2 (11.5–30.8) | 3 | 207.6 (116.1–245.9) | 3 | 9.2 (7.6–10.4) | ||||
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; TB, tuberculosis; MUAC, mid-upper-arm circumference.
aNew World Health Organization (WHO) recommended dosage range (isoniazid 7–15 mg/kg, rifampin 10–20 mg/kg, pyrazinamide 30–40 mg/kg, ethambutol 15–25 mg/kg).
bSome patients received old weight-band dosage prior to adoption of new WHO guidelines.