Table 2.

Otoscopic Findings in 13 109 Kenyan Children by Urban and Rural Schools

		Urban (N = 3284)			Rural (N = 9825)
Ear Problem		N	Rate	(95% CI)	N	Rate	(95% CI)	P Valuea
	Wax or not seen both ears	190	57.9	(49.6–66.1)	354	36.0	(32.3–39.8)	<.001
Intact TM	Dull	46	14.0	(10–18.1)	139	14.1	(11.8–16.5)	.49
	Retracted	11	3.4	(1.4–5.3)	6	0.6	(0.2–1.3)	<.001
	Red	23	7.0	(4.1–9.9)	78	7.9	(6.2–9.7)	.66
	Bulging	20	6.1	(3.4–8.8)	31	3.2	(2–4.3)	.02
	Healed TM	6	1.8	(0.7–4)	4	0.4	(0.1–1)	.02
Perforation	Small	16	4.9	(2.5–7.3)	36	3.7	(2.5–4.9)	.21
	Large	18	5.5	(2.9–8)	41	4.2	(2.9–5.4)	.21
	Subtotal	9	2.7	(1.3–5.2)	22	2.2	(1.3–3.2)	.38
	Total	1	0.3	(0–1.7)	7	0.7	(0.3–1.5)	.37
	Attic	0	0.0	(0–1.1)	5	0.5	(0.2–1.2)	.24
	Dry	6	1.8	(0.7–4)	20	2.0	(1.1–2.9)	.51
Other	Tympanosclerosis	3	0.9	(0.2–2.7)	6	0.6	(0.2–1.3)	.83
	Cholesteatoma	0	0.0	(0–1.1)	6	0.6	(0.2–1.3)	.18

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; TM, tympanic membrane.

^aComparison of incidence rates [16].