Table 1.
Certified Nursing Assistants’ Characteristics by Family Caregiving Role Occupancy
| Conditions | Overall (n = 884) | Formal-only care (n = 317) | Double-duty child care (n = 302) | Double-duty elder care (n = 138) | Triple-duty care (n = 127) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predisposing characteristics | |||||
| Age | 36.75 (13) | 39.24 (15)c,t | 33.55 (9) | 40.33 (14) | 34.26 (9) |
| Female | 0.91 | 0.87c,t | 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.95 |
| White | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.70 | 0.61 |
| Some college or more | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.45 |
| Cohabiting or married | 0.58 | 0.52c,t | 0.65 | 0.51 | 0.65 |
| Hours worked per week | 36.36 (7) | 36.59 (7) | 36.01 (6) | 36.91 (6) | 36.04 (8) |
| Enabling characteristics | |||||
| $34,999 or less | 0.44 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.35 | 0.50 |
| $35,000–59,999 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.49 | 0.39 |
| More than $60,000 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.12 |
| Eligible, employer health insurance | 0.40 | 0.29c,t | 0.52 | 0.30 | 0.51 |
| Enrolled, employer health insurance | 0.49 | 0.60c,t | 0.37 | 0.64 | 0.33 |
| Need characteristics | |||||
| High blood pressure | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.20 |
| Cancer | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
| Diabetes | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
| Psychological distress | 12.33 (5) | 11.63 (4)e,t | 12.19 (4) | 12.88 (5) | 13.78 (5) |
| Psychological job demands | 3.75 (0.7) | 3.59 (0.7)c,e,t | 3.79 (0.7) | 3.90 (0.7) | 3.92 (0.8) |
| Work-related injury | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 0.28 |
| Sleep duration | 6.09 (1) | 6.27 (1)c | 5.95 (1) | 6.16 (2) | 5.92 (1) |
| Body mass index | 29.59 (7) | 29.73 (7) | 28.85 (7) | 30.61 (7) | 29.86 (7) |
| Smoker | 0.32 | 0.27c | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.32 |
| Disabled child | 0.10 | — | 0.18 | — | 0.28 |
Notes: Means (and standard deviations) or proportions are shown. Annual household income is shown as a categorical variable for the purposes of this table only. ANOVAs with Tukey post-hoc comparison tests were conducted to identify mean differences across groups, with formal-only care as the reference group. Subscript letters denote significant differences between formal-only caregivers and family caregiving groups: c = double-duty child care, e = double-duty elder care, t = triple-duty care.