Table 2.
Unadjusted and Adjusted Mean D-KEFS Subtest Scaled Scores for All Groups With Pairwise Group Comparisons
| Outcomea | PHEU (Mean [95% CI]) |
PHIV/Non-C (Mean [95% CI]) |
PHIV/C (Mean [95% CI]) |
Significant Pairwise Differences in Adjusted Means | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||
| Verbal Letter Fluencyb,c,d | 8.36 (7.75–8.98) | 7.52 (6.78–8.27) | 8.74 (8.19–9.29) | 8.01 (7.41–8.60) | 7.66 (6.75–8.57) | 7.03 (6.12–7.94) | PHIV/C < PHIV/non-Ci |
| Verbal Category Fluencyd | 9.62 (8.94–10.31) | 9.31 (8.61–10.02) | 9.16 (8.63–9.70) | 8.83 (8.26–9.40) | 8.70 (7.92–9.49) | 8.45 (7.66–9.25) | None |
| Verbal Category Switchingb,d,e,f | 8.80 (8.11–9.49) | 8.16 (7.43–8.89) | 8.39 (7.87–8.91) | 7.79 (7.20–8.39) | 7.52 (6.70–8.34) | 7.09 (6.19–7.99) | PHIV/C < PHEUi |
| Verbal Set-loss Errorse,g | 9.86 (9.32–10.40) | 9.97 (9.44–10.50) | 10.41 (10.03–10.78) | 10.36 (9.97–10.75) | 10.23 (9.56–10.90) | 10.06 (9.38–10.74) | None |
| Design Fluency Composite c,f,g | 8.59 (8.15–9.03) | 8.35 (7.87–8.83) | 8.60 (8.23–8.97) | 8.52 (8.16–8.87) | 8.09 (7.36–8.82) | 8.24 (7.50–8.98) | None |
| Design Fluency Switchingc | 9.14 (8.61–9.67) | 8.98 (8.41–9.54) | 8.88 (8.47–9.30) | 8.89 (8.48–9.30) | 8.14 (7.49–8.78) | 8.16 (7.53–8.80) | PHIV/C < PHEUi |
| Design Fluency Set-loss Errors b,f | 11.34 (10.87–11.81) | 11.86 (11.38–12.34) | 11.46 (11.00–11.92) | 11.70 (11.20–12.21) | 11.27 (10.52–12.03) | 11.29 (10.50–12.08) | None |
| CWI Reading/Color Naming Combined b,d,g | 8.74 (8.02–9.46) | 8.24 (7.44–9.05) | 9.04 (8.53–9.55) | 8.20 (7.59–8.81) | 7.33 (6.28–8.39) | 6.49 (5.39–7.59) | Groupsj PHIV/C < PHEUj PHIV/C < PHIV/non-Cj |
| CWI Inhibitiond,h | 8.24 (7.57–8.91) | 8.29 (7.59–8.99) | 7.99 (7.38–8.60) | 7.88 (7.22–8.54) | 6.56 (5.53–7.58) | 6.80 (5.73–7.88) | Groupsi PHIV/C < PHEUi PHIV/C < PHIV/non-Ci |
| CWI Inhibition–Switchingb,d,h | 8.25 (7.57–8.93) | 8.48 (7.78–9.18) | 7.86 (7.26–8.46) | 7.99 (7.34–8.63) | 7.18 (6.19–8.16) | 7.64 (6.65–8.63) | None |
| CWI Total Errors–Inhibitione,h | 8.29 (7.57–9.01) | 8.83 (8.08–9.58) | 7.87 (7.21–8.52) | 8.27 (7.61–8.93) | 6.91 (5.77–8.05) | 7.20 (5.99–8.41) | PHIV/C < PHEUi |
| CWI Total Errors–Switchingf,h | 7.86 (7.15–8.57) | 8.68 (7.91–9.44) | 7.67 (7.03–8.32) | 8.10 (7.48–8.73) | 7.64 (6.72–8.57) | 7.83 (6.82–8.85) | None |
| 20 Questions–Achievementd,f,h | 8.06 (7.15–8.97) | 8.45 (7.43–9.48) | 8.83 (8.18–9.49) | 8.77 (8.01–9.53) | 9.18 (8.10–10.26) | 8.98 (7.86–10.09) | None |
Abbreviations: CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CI, confidence interval; CWI, Color-Word Interference; D-KEFS, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; PHEU, perinatally HIV-exposed but uninfected; PHIV, perinatally acquired HIV; PHIV/C, PHIV with a CDC class C diagnosis; PHIV/non-C, PHIV without a CDC class C diagnosis.
aReported results are scaled scores with a mean of 10 (SD, 3). Outcomes were adjusted for the following covariates: bHispanic ethnicity, ccaregiver identity, dcaregiver education, esex, fage, ghousehold income, and hrace.
iP < .05 for unadjusted mean scores only.
jP < .05 for unadjusted and adjusted mean scores.