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. 2016 Nov 22;6:37045. doi: 10.1038/srep37045

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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(a) C57BL/6 J wildtype mice were intranasally infected with a sub-lethal dose of IAV (A/PR8/34) followed by bacterial infection with the S. pneumoniae strain T4 on day 7. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), post-lavage lung and blood were collected at the indicated time points post secondary bacterial infection (hpi). (b) The infection groups were single viral infection (IAV), single bacterial infection (T4) and coinfection (IAV+T4). (c) The bacterial burden, viral titers and cytokine concentrations were determined as the experimental readouts.