Table 3.
Racial and ethnic disparities in meeting proposed 2015 Medicare eligibility criteria for medication therapy management servicesa
| Variables | Groups | Estimate | P | Odds Ratio (OR) | 95% Confidence Interval for OR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | -- | −1.43 | <.0001 | -- | -- |
| Racial and ethnic groups | Non-Hispanic Whites | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Non-Hispanic Blacks | −0.30 | 0.001 | 0.74 | 0.62-0.88 | |
| Hispanics | −0.63 | <.0001 | 0.53 | 0.43-0.67 | |
| Age | -- | 0.01 | 0.005 | 1.01 | 1.00-1.02 |
| Gender | Female | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Male | −0.21 | 0.001 | 0.81 | 0.72-0.92 | |
| Marital status | Not married | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Married | 0.01 | 0.87 | 1.01 | 0.88-1.17 | |
| Medicaid | No Medicaid | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Medicaid | 0.49 | <.0001 | 1.64 | 1.31-2.06 | |
| Private insurance | No private insurance | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Any private insurance | 0.33 | <.0001 | 1.38 | 1.20-1.60 | |
| Poverty categoriesb | Poor | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Near poor | −0.21 | 0.10 | 0.81 | 0.63-1.04 | |
| Low income | −0.19 | 0.04 | 0.83 | 0.69-0.99 | |
| Middle income | −0.08 | 0.39 | 0.92 | 0.77-1.11 | |
| High income | −0.20 | 0.06 | 0.82 | 0.69-0.99 | |
| Highest degree | Lower than high school | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| GED or high school | 0.10 | 0.23 | 1.10 | 0.94-1.29 | |
| Bachelor | 0.13 | 0.26 | 1.14 | 0.91-1.44 | |
| Master and higher | 0.14 | 0.26 | 1.15 | 0.90-1.47 | |
| Other | 0.17 | 0.25 | 1.18 | 0.89-1.58 | |
| Geographic region | Northeast | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Midwest | 0.15 | 0.19 | 1.64 | 0.93-1.46 | |
| South | 0.22 | 0.04 | 1.24 | 1.01-1.54 | |
| West | −0.03 | 0.75 | 0.97 | 0.79-1.19 | |
| MSAc | Not MSA | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Yes MSA | 0.06 | 0.52 | 1.06 | 0.90-1.26 | |
| Self-perceived health status | Excellent | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Very good | 0.57 | <.0001 | 1.77 | 1.48-2.12 | |
| Good | 1.09 | <.0001 | 2.97 | 2.50-3.54 | |
| Fair | 1.68 | <.0001 | 5.37 | 4.36-6.62 | |
| Poor | 2.00 | <.0001 | 7.38 | 5.39-10.09 |
-- Not applicable.
a
Covariates based on the Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Utilization are predisposing factors (age, gender, and marital status), enabling factors (type of health insurance, income, highest degree, geographic region, and metropolitan statistical area), and need factors (self-perceived health status).
b
Poverty categories: negative income or poor, <100% of federal poverty line; near poor, 100–<125% of federal poverty line; low income, 125–<200%; middle income, 200–<400%; and high income, 400% and greater.
c
MSA: metropolitan statistical area.