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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Psychol. 2017 Feb;13:1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.002

Figure 1. Examples of communication classified according to whether the communication expresses opposition versus cooperation and is direct versus indirect.

Figure 1

Note. This figure provides examples of types of communication that have been commonly assessed within the conflict and influence literatures that can be classified according to two dimensions. The vertical dimension specifies the degree to which communication expresses opposing/contrasting goals and motivations (opposition) versus expresses cooperative/similar goals and motivations (cooperation). The horizontal dimension specifies whether communication is explicit and overt (direct) versus passive and covert (indirect) in regard to the problem, the change desired, and how that change can be achieved. See [20,22] for more detail regarding these types of communication and [23–28] for similar distinctions.