Table 2.

Hypothesized feedback on ecosystem functions and hypothesized effects on humans from examples of phenotypic trait changes listed in table 1.

no. (from table 1)	feedback mechanism	ecosystem function	effect on humans
1–6	disease ecology: disease–host, disease–vector and parasite–host interactions	biotic control	epidemic activity and disease severity of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases
7	trophic effects	provision of raw materials (food)	bioaccumulation of pollutants in food resources, effects on food productivity
8, 9, 12	pollinator–plant interaction and plant–pest interaction	primary productivity	agricultural/crop production
10, 11	trophic interactions, foraging dynamics	nutrient cycling
13	invasion potential	biotic control	nuisance pests
14, 15, 16, 18, 19	behavioural changes and domestication	biodiversity	animals co-evolved with humans; some may serve as companions or providers of raw materials
17	herbivore grazing pressure on algae, trophic interactions	water quality	clean water for drinking, recreation
20, 21	consumer–resource dynamics	biodiversity	animals that share habitats with humans may spread zoonotic disease, or act as pests by consuming resources. To the extent that people enjoy being in nature and seeing animals, biodiversity in urban settings may also be of cultural value