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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroimage. 2016 Oct 14;144(Pt A):164–173. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.008

Table 1.

Gain and distance effects on kinematic and EMG measures

Variables Short Medium Long Distance
Effect		 Gain
Effect		 Interaction
High
Gain		 Low
Gain		 High
Gain		 Low
Gain		 High
Gain		 Low
Gain		 F-
value		 p-
value		 F-
value		 p-
value		 F-
value		 p-
value
Peak Displ 14.5
(0.4)		 13.2
(0.3)		 38.9
(0.5)		 37.6
(0.5)		 74.6
(0.5)		 73.6
(0.4)		 6023.116 <0.0001 11.574 0.0074 6.235 0.1085
Peak Vel 74.2
(5.5)		 67.3
(6.3)		 170.0
(12.0)		 181.0
(17.6)		 290.6
(23.9)		 291.0
(23.8)		 1045.048 <0.0001 0.863 0.4242 2.905 0.2108
Peak Accel 909.8
(111.9)		 875.3
(130.8)		 1566.8
(195.5)		 1932.2
(334.8)		 2191.2
(372.5)		 2315.8
(393.7)		 63.996 <0.0001 0.444 0.5521 2.022 0.3215
Peak Vel
Time 		271.5
(4.8)		 273.8
(4.7)		 284.6
(6.2)		 277.7
(6.7)		 298.0
(7.8)		 294.7
(7.9)		 20.79 <0.0001 1.638 0.2751 1.58 0.4174
Peak Accel
Time 		114.3
(2.7)		 116.2
(2.5)		 119.1
(4.1)		 117.6
(3.5)		 128.8
(4.4)		 127.5
(3.9)		 16.361 <0.0001 0.000 0.986 0.362 0.7492
Peak Decel
Time 		437.7
(7.1)		 435.8
(6.8)		 448.4
(9.4)		 438.4
(9.7)		 462.2
(11.5)		 459.3
(11.6)		 9.531 0.0083 2.145 0.2232 0.491 0.7152
Ave Accel
− 1st sec
PBM 		4.68
(0.53)		 3.25
(0.31)		 6.39
(0.65)		 5.02
(0.55)		 8.50
(0.68)		 5.99
(0.49)		 58.792 <0.0001 25.399 0.0007 0.562 0.7152
RMSE-
PBM
Phase 		0.53
(0.08)		 0.86
(0.16)		 0.77
(0.19)		 1.04
(0.10)		 0.61
(0.21)		 0.76
(0.09)		 2.504 0.1139 20.475 0.0015 0.245 0.7843
SD - PBM
Phase 		0.07
(0.005)		 0.10
(0.01)		 0.80
(0.01)		 0.11
(0.01)		 0.10
(0.01)		 0.10
(0.01)		 4.259 0.0294 7.116 0.0263 8.34 0.0198
Zero-
crossing –
PBM 		44.5
(1.3)		 43.2
(1.3)		 39.6
(1.5)		 38.1
(1.7)		 36.9
(1.1)		 31.3
(1.8)		 34.74 <0.0001 16.472 0.0022 5.54 0.1085
Zero-
crossing
Start Time 		583.5
(18.0)		 629.8
(27.9)		 639.5
(15.6)		 635.9
(26.7)		 691.9
(26.9)		 731.6
(39.4)		 34.74 <0.0001 16.472 0.0022 5.54 0.1085
Biceps
EMG 		7.6
(1.8)		 4.9
(0.8)		 10.5
(2.6)		 9.0
(2.8)		 11.3
(3.0)		 8.5
(2.0)		 6.093 0.0083 28.617 0.0007 0.486 0.7152
Brach
EMG 		6.9
(0.9)		 6.0
(0.8)		 9.1
(2.0)		 7.9
(1.4)		 10.3
(2.0)		 9.0
(2.5)		 9.596 0.0083 16.906 0.0022 0.815 0.6783
Tri-lat
EMG 		7.1
(1.1)		 6.0
(0.9)		 8.5
(1.8)		 6.8
(1.4)		 8.9
(2.1)		 6.2
(1.3)		 0.207 0.6538 25.885 0.0007 0.686 0.6783
Tri-long
EMG 		7.0
(1.2)		 5.8
(0.7)		 6.8
(1.0)		 7.2
(1.3)		 7.4
(1.3)		 5.1
(0.8)		 1.615 0.2311 9.285 0.0136 2.21 0.3181

Table legend: Accel, Acceleration; Ave, Average; Displ, Displacement; PBM , Post ballistic movement; RMSE, Root mean square error; Decel, Deceleration; Brach, Brachioradialis; Tri-lat, Triceps lateral; Tri-long, Triceps longitudinal, Values in cells under each condition represent mean values and values in parentheses are standard error values.