Table 5.

Associations between Prescribed Any Psychoactive Medications, Multiple Psychoactive Medications, Medication with Emerging Risk of Misuse and the Outcome Time to Disengagement

Model^	Independent Variable	Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)	p-value
1^	Any Psychoactive Medication	1.16 (1.00 – 1.36)	0.05
2^	Emerging Risk Group	1.18 (0.98 – 1.41)	0.08
3^	Gabapentin*	1.30 (1.05 – 1.62)	0.02
4^	Clonidine*	1.33 (1.01 – 1.73)	0.04
5^	Promethazine	0.76 (0.48 – 1.19)	0.22
6^	Number of Psychoactive Medications on Enrollment
	0 Medications	Reference	Reference
	1 Medications	1.06 (0.85 – 1.32)	0.62
	2–3 Medications*	1.26 (1.04 – 1.53)	0.02
	≥4 Medications	1.15 (0.90 – 1.46)	0.26

Legend:

History of heroin use – as compared to opioid pills only; Emerging Risk Group –includes gabapentin, clonidine and promethazine;

^{^}reflects a separate multivariable model, each model includes controlling for the covariates: gender, race/ethnicity, education, age of first opioid use, current alcohol use, current cocaine use, current benzodiazepine use, history of heroin use, current or history of buprenorphine use (both prescribed and illicit), year of enrollment

^*p < 0.05;

^**p < 0.01