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. 2016 Dec 7;105(1):249S–285S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.139097

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© 2017 American Society for Nutrition

This is a free access article, distributed under terms (http://www.nutrition.org/publications/guidelines-and-policies/license/) that permit unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Intake-response relations between the intake of a food substance and chronic disease risks can vary. The intake of a food substance could decrease (A) or increase (B) chronic disease risk. The intake of a food substance could be independently related to multiple chronic diseases that show different and overlapping dose-response relations (C). The relation or relations between the intake of the food substance and chronic disease or diseases might not be monotonic. The background risk of a given chronic disease is not zero. “Substances” could be individual food substances or groups of interacting substances. UL, Tolerable Upper Intake Level.