Table 2.
Questionnaire measurements.
| Pain History and Demographics | Details including age, school grade, gender and school absences are recorded. Additionally, information on pain experience, chronicity, frequency, location and intensity are entered. |
| Visual Analogue Scale | The child is instructed to illustrate, by drawing a line on a scale from 0–10 (0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain), the intensity of pain felt in the past week [26]. |
| Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory | Participants are asked to report how their pain has impacted their quality of life, including their activities, feelings, social interactions and school performance. Parents are asked to fill out the parent version of this scale which includes the same questions, but reporting their observations of their child’s quality of life [27]. |
| Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire | The child is asked 26 questions about own bedtime habits, sleep behaviour and daytime sleepiness. The parent form is constructed of 33 questions on child’s bedtime habits, sleep behaviour, waking during the night, morning waking, and daytime sleepiness [28]. |
| Functional Disability Index | Child and parent(s) are asked to report the child’s level of physical trouble or difficulty when performing various tasks [29]. |
| Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia for Children | A self-report form asking the child to identify how they cope with pain. This measure records the child’s somatic focus and activity avoidance [30]. |
| Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale | This 47-item self-report measure assesses the symptoms of separation anxiety, general anxiety, panic, social phobia, obsession/compulsion, and depression. The child is asked to report the frequency (from ‘never’ to ‘always’) of various worrying and sad thoughts [31]. |
| The Children’s Chronic Pain Stigma Scale (CCPSS) | This scale is also currently being developed and validated in our program based on the adult Chronic Pain Stigma Scale [32]. This measure explores perceived stigma from physicians, family members and the general public associated with chronic pain. |