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. 2016 Dec 27;7:2092. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02092

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Copyright © 2016 Leigh, Liberti and Dishaw.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Sterility tests of the GF procedure. (A) ASW or FSW from dishes of GF or conventionally-reared animals, respectively, is spotted on two different media plates (left: marine agar, right: nutrient agar + sea salts). Cultures from GF animals (top) show no bacterial growth except for one plate. Water from conventional animals (bottom) shows a diverse microbial community. (B) PCR using DNA isolated from GF and conventional juveniles shows no 16S rRNA gene amplification in GF animals. The CiActin gene amplification is used as a control for DNA extraction of the animal. PCR on ASW or FSW using ITS primers demonstrates the presence of fungi in conventional and not in GF dishes.