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. 2016 Dec 27;7:1993. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01993

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Copyright © 2016 Burke, Lin, Wysocki, Clark and Duvall.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from 47 complete plastomes. Branch lengths are proportional to the number of substitutions per site along the branch and are indicated on the branches. Newly sequenced species of Anomochlooideae and Pharoideae are emphasized with a larger font. The crown grass clade (CGC) and spikelet clades are indicated. Note that the Bayesian inference (BI) analysis produced a topology that was identical to the maximum likelihood (ML) topology. All depicted nodes are supported with 100% ML bootstrap values and PP = 1.0. The orange highlight indicates a New World modern distribution, while the blue indicates an Old World modern distribution. Numbers in circles identify six rare genomic changes (RGCs) denoted as: 1, large ψycf1 and ψycf2; 2, loss of rpoC1 intron; 3, rps19 insertion; 4, atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer (IGS) 75 base inversion; 5, loss of ψrpl23; and 6, ψrpl33 + ψrps18 dual pseudogenization.