Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2016 Dec 19;7:13807. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13807

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

PMC Copyright notice

(a) At the d.c. E-field of 0 MV m⁻¹; (b) at the d.c. E-field of 70 MV m⁻¹; (c) at the d.c. E-field of 180 MV m⁻¹; (d) at the d.c. E-field of 250 MV m⁻¹. The axes in the three-dimensional figures represent the polarizations along the [100], [010] and [001] directions (unit: C m⁻²). The distance between the point on the figure surface and the origin is the optimized polarization, at which the free energy is minimized for the corresponding direction. The value of energy density is described by the colour and shown in the colour bar, where the minimal energy density is set as the reference, and the scale of energy density is 2.5 MJ m⁻³ for all energy profiles. To clearly show the energy path for polarization rotation, the corresponding two-dimensional (2D) energy profiles for a –[100]–[110] polarization rotation path are given, where the x axis represents the angle between the polar vector and the [100] direction, and the y axis represents the minimal energy for a specific polar direction. The minimal energy states are represented by the orange balls in the 2D figures.

Inline graphic — (a) At the d.c. E-field of 0 MV m⁻¹; (b) at the d.c. E-field of 70 MV m⁻¹; (c) at the d.c. E-field of 180 MV m⁻¹; (d) at the d.c. E-field of 250 MV m⁻¹. The axes in the three-dimensional figures represent the polarizations along the [100], [010] and [001] directions (unit: C m⁻²). The distance between the point on the figure surface and the origin is the optimized polarization, at which the free energy is minimized for the corresponding direction. The value of energy density is described by the colour and shown in the colour bar, where the minimal energy density is set as the reference, and the scale of energy density is 2.5 MJ m⁻³ for all energy profiles. To clearly show the energy path for polarization rotation, the corresponding two-dimensional (2D) energy profiles for a –[100]–[110] polarization rotation path are given, where the x axis represents the angle between the polar vector and the [100] direction, and the y axis represents the minimal energy for a specific polar direction. The minimal energy states are represented by the orange balls in the 2D figures.