Sensitivity of strategy optimality to rabid dog to human bite rate. The probability that each strategy is optimal across a range of cost-effectiveness thresholds was evaluated for an alternative assumption regarding missing contact tracing data on rabid dog outcomes yielding an estimate of 0.99 bites per rabid dog (base case: empirical estimate of 0.51) (a detailed explanation is in SI Text). Rabies programs evaluated include maintenance of the status quo (gray lines), expanding targets of exclusive canine vaccination (CV; blue lines of progressively deeper shades), and expanding targets of combined canine vaccination and female sterilization (CVFS; red lines of progressively deeper shades). Canine vaccination with sterilization of both males and females is never optimal and is not shown here. The vertical dotted and dashed lines indicate the WHO thresholds for very cost-effective and cost-effective strategies in India ($1,582 and $4,746 per DALY), respectively.