Fig. S5.

Bacteria–epithelial interactions in the distal colon. Bacteria were visualized with EUB-16S rRNA Universal Bacteria FISH probe (red) and epithelia by DAPI (blue) (n = 2–3 mice per group, representative images shown) in A or additionally with antibodies against MUC2 (green) and STn (yellow) in Lower (n = 3 mice per group, representative images shown) (B) and the bacterial–epithelial distance was quantified (5 measurements per mouse per replicate from B, n = 4 mice per group) (C). White arrows indicate invading bacteria. ****P ≤ 0.0001 from one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons; mean ± SD. (Magnification: A, 100×; B, 40×.)