Table S4.
Edible species found at GBY and their present frequency in the Hula Valley: edible organs, total amount found at the site by frequency of appearance, seasonality, and edible parts
| Species | Edible organ | Remnant in GBY | Finds in GBY (n organs/n layers) | Presence in the Hula Valley | Main season of exploitation |
| Nuts | |||||
| E. ferox | Seed* (21) | Seed | 641/21 | Ex | End of summer (21) |
| Pistacia atlantica | Nutlet* (18) | Nutlet | 1/1 | HF | Autumn (18) |
| Quercus calliprinos/ithaburensis | Nut* (60) | Acorn, cupule | 88/17 | F | Autumn–winter (18) |
| Trapa natans | Nut* (18) | Nut (calyx) | 872/38 | F | Autumn (18) |
| Species producing USOs | |||||
| Alisma lanceolatum | Rhizome† (18) | Seed | 120/16 | F | Summer (18) |
| Butomus umbellatus | Rhizome† (60) | Seed | 43/12 | F | Summer (18) |
| Damasonium alisma | Rhizome (18) | Seed | 16/8 | LF | Summer (18) |
| Lycopus europaeus | Rhizome* (18) | Mericarp | 776/22 | F | Summer (18) |
| Myriophyllum spicatum | Rhizome* (18) | Nutlet | 130/14 | LF | Summer (18) |
| Nuphar lutea | Rhizome† (18) | Seed | 880/22 | F | Throughout the year‡ |
| Nymphaea alba | Rhizome† (18) | Seed | 192/13 | F | Throughout the year‡ |
| Potamogeton crispus | Rhizome (18) | Nutlet | 20/3 | — | Summer (18) |
| Potamogeton pectinatus | Rhizome (18) | Nutlet | 5/4 | — | Summer (18) |
| Sagittaria sagittifolia | Rhizome† (18) | Seed | 116/19 | Ex | Summer–autumn (18) |
| Scirpus lacustris | Rhizome* (18) | Nutlet | 2243/18 | F | Summer (18) |
| Silybum marianum | Root* (18) | Achene | 42/13 | HF | Winter–spring (18) |
| Sparganium erectum | Rhizome† (59) | Nutlet | 3/2 | F | Summer‡ |
| Typha cf domingensis | Rhizome (60) | Nutlet | 75/14 | F | Throughout the year (18) |
| Fruits | |||||
| Capparis cf spinosa | Young fruit (60) | Seed | 49/16 | HF | Spring–summer (58) |
| F. carica | Fruit (18) | Seed | 79/12 | F | End of summer (61) |
| Olea europaea | Fruit (18) | Stone | 388/14 | F | Autumn (60) |
| Rubus cf sanguineus | Fruit (60) | Nutlet | 313/25 | F | Summer–autumn (18) |
| Sambucus sp. | Fruit (18) | Seed | 2/1 | — | End of summer–autumn (58) |
| V. sylvestris | Fruit (18) | Pip | 395/41 | LF | End of summer–autumn (18) |
| Ziziphus spina-christi | Fruit (60) | Stone | 10/8 | HF | Autumn/spring (62) |
| Seeds | |||||
| Aegilops cf geniculata | Grain* (18) | Grain | 2/2 | F | Spring–beginning of summer (18) |
| Avena sp. | Grain* (18) | Grain | 2/2 | HF | Spring–beginning of summer (18) |
| Carthamus sp. | Seed‡ | Achene | 7/5 | F | Summer‡ |
| Chenopodium sp. | Seed† (60) | Seed | 69/13 | F | Summer (18) |
| Hordeum spontaneum | Grain* (18) | Grain | 1/1 | F | Spring–summer (18) |
| Malva sp. | Seed* (60) | Mericarp | 3/2 | F | Winter–spring (18) |
| Nuphar lutea | Seed* (18) | Seed | 880/22 | F | Summer (18) |
| Onobrychis sp. | Seed† (60) | Pod | 21/11 | F | Spring–summer‡ |
| Silybum marianum | Seed† (60) | Achene | 42/13 | HF | Spring–beginning of summer (18) |
| Species producing organs eaten as vegetables | |||||
| Alcea sp. | Stem, bud (60) | Seed | 21/12 | F | Spring (18) |
| Allium cf neapolitanum | Bulb* (18) | Seed | 1/1 | F | Winter–spring (18) |
| Beta vulgaris | Leaf* (60) | Nutlet | 29/9 | F | Winter–spring (18) |
| Ceratophyllum demersum | Leaf (18) | Nutlet | 318/30 | F | Spring–summer (18) |
| Chenopodium sp. | Leaf* (18) | Seed | 69/13 | F | Spring–summer (18) |
| Chrysanthemum coronarium | Stem, inflorescence bud* (60) | Achene | 2/2 | F | Spring (18) |
| Foeniculum vulgare | Leaf, stem (60) | Achene | 50/13 | HF | Spring–summer (18) |
| Hippuris vulgaris | Leaf* (18) | Nutlet | 40/4 | Ex | Summer–autumn (51, 63) |
| Lomelosia cf prolifera | Stem, head (60) | Calyx | 190/34 | F | Spring (18) |
| Malva sp. | Leaf,* stem† (60) | Mericarp | 3/2 | F | Winter–spring (18) |
| Medicago coronata | Leaf, stem (18) | Pod | 6/4 | F | Winter–spring (18) |
| Medicago sp. a | Leaf, stem (18) | Pod | 45/12 | F | Winter–spring (18) |
| Medicago sp. b | Leaf, stem (18) | Pod | 18/6 | F | Winter–spring (18) |
| Medicago sp. c | Leaf, stem (18) | Pod | 9/4 | F | Winter–spring (18) |
| Medicago sp. d | Leaf, stem (18) | Pod | 2/2 | F | Winter–spring (18) |
| Medicago sp. | Leaf, stem (18) | Pod | 79/23 | F | Winter–spring (18) |
| Montia minor | Leaf, stem (58) | Seed | 5/5 | Ex | Spring (58) |
| Najas delilei | Leaf, stem (18) | Nutlet | 454/10 | LF | Spring–summer (18) |
| Nasturtium/Roripa | Leaf, stem (60) | Seed | 1/1 | F/LF | Spring–autumn (18) |
| Nymphaea alba | Fruit (58) | Seed | 192/13 | F | Summer (58) |
| Nymphoides peltata | Leaf, stem (18) | Seed | 72/17 | Ex | Summer (18) |
| Persicaria lapathifolia | Leaf (18) | Nutlet | 47/5 | F | Spring–summer (18) |
| Potamogeton crispus | Leaf† (18) | Nutlet | 20/3 | — | Summer (18) |
| Potamogeton distinctus | Leaf (18), | Nutlet | 116/16 | Ex | Summer (18) |
| Potamogeton pectinatus | Leaf, stem (18) | Nutlet | 5/4 | — | Summer (18) |
| Raphanus cf raphanistrum | Young leaf stem and inflorescence (58, 64) | Silique | 55/15 | LF | Winter–spring (18) |
| Scirpus holoschoenus | Basal parts of stems (58) | Nutlet | 27/11 | F | Spring (58) |
| Scirpus lacustris | Young shoot,* base of stem* (65) | Nutlet | 2,243/18 | F | Spring–summer (18) |
| Silybum marianum | Leaf,* young stem* (18) | Achene | 42/13 | HF | Winter–spring (18) |
| Sinapis arvensis | Leaf, stem (18) | Seed | 2/1 | F | Spring (18) |
| Sparganium erectum | Stem†‡ (58) | Nutlet | 3/2 | F | Winter–summer‡ |
| Typha cf domingensis | Shoot* (18) | Nutlet | 75/14 | F | Throughout the year‡ |
| V. sylvestris | Leaf† (18) | Pip | 395/41 | LF | Spring–summer (18) |
Ex, extinct in the Hula Valley; F, frequent; HF, high frequency; LF, low frequency (after 17).
*
Better when cooked.
†
Must be cooked.
‡
Lev-Yadun S, Melamed Y authors' field experience.