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. 2016 Nov 25;17(12):1967. doi: 10.3390/ijms17121967

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Estimated pathways mediated by oxidative stress. ROS can activate a great variety of cell signaling pathways within a neuronal cells with contrasting properties. Pathways involved in the promoting of cell death are represented by p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p53, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, while protective pathways are those mediated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt, hypoxia-inducible factor 1, and heat shock transcription factor 1. ROS: reactive oxygen species. JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase. ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase. MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase. ASK-1: apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1. PKC: protein kinase C. JAK: Janus kinase. STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription. ATM: ataxia telangectasia mutated. PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. NFκB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell. PCLγ1: phospholipase C gamma 1. HSF1: heat shock transcription factor 1. HIF1: hypoxia-inducible factor 1.