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. 2016 Dec 9;17(12):2065. doi: 10.3390/ijms17122065

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Oral administration of procyanidins suppressed expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and genes that may be regulated by VEGF and are involved in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis in articular cartilage of mice subjected to DMM surgery. (A) Relative mRNA levels of Vegf, Mmp1, Mmp3, Mmp13, Adamts5, interleukin (Il)1b tumor necrosis factor α (Tnfa), Il6, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (Rankl), and hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif)1a in articular cartilage of mice subjected to DMM treated with procyanidins were significantly reduced compared to that in mice subjected to DMM and treated with vehicle; (B,C) immunohistochemistry and quantification of chondrocytes expressing VEGF (* p < 0.05, t-test, n = 4/group); (D) representative staining of tissue sections with isotype control (rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG)). * p < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test; n = 4/group. Arrows indicate representative chondrocytes with positive staining for VEGF.