Table 3.

Experimental animal studies showing association between Bisphenol-A, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls and neurotoxicity.

Reference	EDC	Study Type	Effects on Brain Health
Bowman et al., 2015	Bisphenol-A	Adolescent male and female adolescent rats	In male rats: Decrease in non-spatial memory and object recognition.
			In both sexes: Decreased spine density on apical and basal dendrites on pyramidal cells in CA1 of the hippocampus.
Eilam-Stock et al., 2012	Bisphenol-A	Adult male rats	Significantly impaired visual and spatial memory.
			Decreased spine density on pyramidal cells in the CA1 and mPFC.
			Decrease expression of PSD-95, increased expression of pCREB.
Elsworth et al., 2015	Bisphenol-A	Adult male vervet monkeys	Decreased working memory and accuracy.
			Decreased excitatory synaptic outputs on dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons in pfc and hippocampus.
Inagaki et al., 2012	Bisphenol-A	Ovariectomized female rats	Exposure to BPA alters E-induced enhancements of spatial and nonspatial memory.
			In the hippocampus, BPA blocked E2 induced increases in basal spine density.
Wang et al., 2014	Bisphenol-A	Postnatal male rats born from BPA exposed female rats	Maternal exposure affected locomotor activity, exploratory habits, emotional behavior.
			Increase reference and working memory errors.
			Decreased mRNA and protein expression of synaptophysin, PSD-95, spinophilin, GluR1, and NMDAR1 in hippocampus.
			Adverse effects on synaptic structure.
Xu et al., 2013	Bisphenol-A	Male and female adult mice	Sex-specific effects of BPA exposure on spatial and passive avoidance memory.
			Reduced synaptic density and adversely affected structure of synaptic interface.
			In hippocampus, down-regulation of snynapsin I, PSD-95, NDMA receptor subunit NR1 and AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 in male mice.
Jang et al., 2012	Bisphenol-A	Postnatal female rats born from BPA expose female rats	Decrease in newly generated cells in the hippocampus.
			Negatively affected memory attention.
			Lower levels of phospho-ERK, BDNF, phosphor-CREB in hippocampus.
			Increased DNA methylation of Crtc1.
Kim et al., 2011	Bisphenol-A	Young adult mice	High dose BPA exposure decreased the number of newly generated cells in the hippocampus, while low dose exposure had the opposite effect.
			High dose BPA exposure was shown to impair learning and memory performance significantly.
Diaz Weinstein et al., 2013	Bisphenol-A	Adolescent male and female rats	Decreased spatial memory.
			Adverse locomotor activity.
			Increased anxiety.
Elsworth et al., 2015	Bisphenol-A	Pregnant female rhesus monkeys	Abnormal fetal brain development.
			Fetuses of female monkeys showed a decrease in midbrain dopamine neurons and a reduction in spine synapses in the CA1 region of the hippocampus.
Johnson et al., 2015	Bisphenol-A	Pregnant female rats and offspring	In the offspring: Developmental exposure disrupted navigational learning and navigational memory.
Kumar and Kumar Thakur 2014	Bisphenol-A	Pregnant female mice and male offspring	In the offspring: Impaired spatial memory.
			Increased dendritic spine density in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
			Upregulation of synaptic proteins Nrxn1 and Nlgn3.
Matsuda et al., 2013	Bisphenol-A	Pregnant female mice and offspring	In the offspring: Enhanced fear memory.
			Increased serotonin metabolites.
			Increased expression of Tph2, Slc6a4, and Maoa.
Xu et al., 2014	Bisphenol-A	Pregnant female rats and offspring	In the offspring: Interference with estrogen receptor signaling in the developing hippocampus.
Zhang et al., 2014	Bisphenol-A	Adult male mice	Enhanced the acquisition and retention of fear memory by the increased levels of histone acetylation, NMDA receptor, and phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 in the hippocampus of male mice.
Stump et al., 2010	Bisphenol-A	Pregnant female rats and offspring	No adverse effects reported.
Ishido et al., 2011	Bisphenol-A	Postnatal male mice	Apparent hyperactivity observed.
Viberg et al., 2011	Bisphenol-A	Postnatal mice	Alterations in spontaneous behavior and cognitive function observed.
Kimura et al., 2015	Bisphenol-A	Prenatal mice	In utero exposure to BPA reduced spine densities in the hippocampal CA1 region of the brain in prenatal mice.
Kim et al., 2009	Bisphenol-A	Neonatal and postnatal mice	Stimulation of neuronal differentiation and possible disruption of neonatal brain development observed.
Dai et al., 2015	Phthalates	Young mice	Negatively affected locomotion activity and memory.
Betz et al., 2013	Phthalates	Young mice	Negatively affects learning and social behavior.
Li et al., 2013	Phthalates	Young mice	Induced apoptotic cell death, synaptic loss, and synaptic dysfunction.
Elnar et al., 2015	Phthalates	Young mice	Early exposure to PCBs induced neuronal susceptibility to amyloid stress. Lower expression of synaptic proteins.
Reilly et al., 2015	PCBs	Young mice	Negatively affects social behavior.
Zahara et al., 2015	PCBs	Juvenile Avians	Reduction in learning ability.
Hilgier et al., 2012	PCBs	Adult Rats	Exposure resulted in neuronal injury and loss.
Lee et al., 2012	PCBs	Adult mice	Exposure resulted in hyperactivity and dopaminergic neuron degeneration.