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. 2004 Sep 3;101(37):13648–13653. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0405310101

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Aberrant behavioral patterns in mice deficient in NPAS1 and NPAS3. (A) Impaired prepulse inhibition (PPI) in NPAS1–/–:NPAS3–/– adult mice. Animals were assayed for prepulse inhibition at two prepulse sound levels, 78 and 86 dB. Statistically significant impairment for prepulse inhibition was observed at both sound levels only for double-null animals. (B) Impaired social recognition in NPAS3–/– and NPAS1–/–:NPAS3–/– adult mice. Animals were assayed for social recognition by comparing the investigation time of unfamiliar juveniles on day 1 and reinvestigation on day 4. (Left) Double-null animals showed a statistically significant reduction in initial investigation time. (Right) Both NPAS3 homozygotes and double-null animals failed to display statistically significant social recognition when comparing investigation times on days 1 and 4. (C) Enhanced open-field locomotor activity in NPAS3–/– and NPAS1–/–:NPAS3–/– adult mice. Animals were assayed for open-field locomotor activity. NPAS3 homozygotes and double-null animals showed a statistically significant increase in total distance traveled compared with NPAS1 homozygotes and wt littermates. Thigmotactic analysis revealed that extra locomotor activity took place in the outer rim of the open-field cage.