Table 2.
Energy (kJ/1000) and macronutrients (% of energy intake) for morning, night, 8-h rotating (8-h R), and 12-h rotating (12-h R) shift workers. The final column shows the F-ratio and degrees of freedom (df = 3113) from the univariate ANOVA.
| Morning n = 33 | Night n = 27 | 8-h R n = 29 | 12-h R n = 29 | F3113 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kJ/1000) | 7954 (2979) | 8816 (3616) | 8530 (3080) | 9318 (2852) | 1.0 | |
| CHO | % | 40.7 (6.8) | 41.8 (6.1) | 41.3 (6.8) | 38.7 (6.9) | 1.1 |
| g | 196.5 (81.2) | 211.2 (86.5) | 208.5 (87.3) | 213.3 (78.8) | ||
| Protein | % | 19.0 (2.6) | 19.2 (3.7) | 20.7 (3.2) | 19.6 (3.6) | 1.3 |
| g | 89.4 (34.3) | 99.9 (43.4) | 101.9 (37.6) | 105.5 (33.0) | ||
| Fat | % | 33.0 (6.0) | 35.9 (5.0) | 34.3 (5.3) | 34.5 (4.0) | 1.4 |
| g | 71.0 (28.8) | 85.8 (38.9) | 79.9 (34.1) | 87.2 (30.5) | ||
| SFA | % | 12.9 (2.7) | 15.5 (3.1) | 13.8 (2.8) | 14.1 (2.4) | 4.2 *,a |
| g | 30.0 (13.2) | 37.3 (16.9) | 32.0 (15.1) | 33.2 (12.9) | ||
| Alcohol | % | 8.8 (9.24) | 5.5 (6.79) | 6.5 (5.52) | 10.1 (8.88) | 2.0 |
| g | 17.7 (17.28) | 14.1 (21.18) | 12.3 (10.53) | 24.8 (23.04) | ||
Mean (standard deviation); * significant p < 0.05; kJ = kilojoules; g = grams; %, percent of total daily energy intake; SFA = saturated fat; CHO = carbohydrate; a Night shift workers reported a significantly higher percentage of saturated fat compared to morning and 8-R shift workers. It is recommended that the daily energy intake of adults contain between 45% and 65% carbohydrates, 15% and 25% protein, 20% and 35% fat in order to maintain health [13].