Table 4.
Soluble fiber and DHA + EPA stratified by quintile of intake, and association with colorectal cancer in the Women’s Health Initiative (n = 134,017) 1993–2010.
| DHA + EPA (g/Day) | HR (95% CI) 1 | p-Trend 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soluble fiber (g/day) |
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |||
| Q1 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.78 | 0.88 | 0.59 | 0.91 | 0.02 | |
| (Ref) 3 | (0.68, 1.13) | (0.59, 1.04) | (0.65, 1.20) | (0.40, 0.88) | (0.84, 0.98) | |||
| Q2 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 0.91 | 1.03 | 0.44 | |
| (0.62, 1.06) | (0.63, 1.07) | (0.70, 1.18) | (0.60, 1.06) | (0.69, 1.23) | (0.96, 1.11) | |||
| Q3 | 0.71 | 0.84 | 0.73 | 0.65 | 0.79 | 0.99 | 0.70 | |
| (0.53, 0.96) | (0.63, 1.11) | (0.55, 0.97) | (0.48, 0.87) | (0.59, 1.06) | (0.91, 1.06) | |||
| Q4 | 0.76 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.96 | |
| (0.56, 1.05) | (0.65, 1.15) | (0.66, 1.15) | (0.68, 1.18) | (0.57, 1.02) | (0.93, 1.07) | |||
| Q5 | 0.70 | 0.53 | 0.73 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 1.08 | 0.07 | |
| (0.49, 1.01) | (0.37, 0.78) | (0.53, 1.00) | (0.60, 1.08) | (0.60, 1.08) | (1.00, 1.17) | |||
| HR (95% CI) 1 | 0.97 | 0.90 | 1.02 | 0.99 | 1.00 | |||
| (0.89, 1.08) | (0.81, 1.00) | (0.92, 1.13) | (0.89, 1.09) | (0.89, 1.11) | ||||
| p-trend 2 | 0.62 | 0.05 | 0.72 | 0.80 | 0.95 | |||
1 HR and 95% CI across quintiles of soluble fiber and DHA + EPA; 2 p-trend values from linear interactions across each row and column. The following variables were included in the model: total energy intake (continuous), age (continuous), body mass index (continuous), education (high school, technical school or some college, college graduate or post-graduate), family history of colorectal cancer (yes/no), history of colonoscopy (yes/no), current NSAID use (yes/no), alcohol intake (continuous), smoking history (never, former, current), physical activity (total metabolic equivalent-hours, continuous), ever use of hormone therapy (never, current/former), folate (µg/day, continuous), calcium (mg/day, continuous), and red meat intake (g/day, continuous), and study component (OS, CT) and CT randomization assignment and treatment arm; 3 the combination of the first quintiles for soluble fiber and DHA + EPA is the reference group for all comparisons within quintiles. OS, observational study; CT, clinical trial; DFE, dietary folate equivalents; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids.