Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, lifestyle, and genetic characteristics of the study participants at baseline according to the diabetes status.
| Total (n = 7018) | Non-Diabetic Subjects (n = 3607) | T2D Subjects (n = 3411) | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 67.0 | ±6.2 | 66.6 | ±6.1 | 67.4 | ±6.3 | <0.001 |
| Weight (Kg) | 76.8 | ±11.9 | 76.7 | ±11.7 | 76.9 | ±12.2 | 0.476 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 30.0 | ±3.8 | 30.1 | ±3.7 | 29.9 | ±4.0 | 0.042 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 100.4 | ±10.6 | 99.7 | ±10.6 | 101.2 | ±10.5 | <0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 39.3 | ±7.4 | 39.9 | ±7.2 | 38.7 | ±7.7 | <0.001 |
| Female sex: n, % | 4025 | (57.4) | 2232 | (61.9) | 1793 | (52.6) | <0.001 |
| Current smokers: n, % | 989 | (14.1) | 581 | (16.1) | 408 | (12.0) | <0.001 |
| TCF7L2-rs7903146: n, % | <0.001 | ||||||
| CC | 2770 | (39.5) | 1612 | (44.7) | 1158 | (33.9) | |
| CT | 3249 | (46.3) | 1569 | (43.5) | 1680 | (49.3) | |
| TT | 999 | (14.2) | 426 | (11.8) | 573 | (16.8) | |
| Intervention groups: n, % | 0.059 | ||||||
| MedDiet + EVOO | 2411 | (34.4) | 1204 | (33.4) | 1207 | (35.4) | |
| MedDiet + nuts | 2316 | (33.0) | 1235 | (34.2) | 1081 | (31.7) | |
| Control group | 2291 | (32.6) | 1168 | (32.4) | 1123 | (32.9) | |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2276 | ±607 | 2322 | ±603 | 2228 | ±607 | <0.001 |
| Total fat (% energy) | 39.2 | ±6.8 | 38.5 | ±6.5 | 39.9 | ±7.0 | <0.001 |
| Saturated fat (% energy) | 10.0 | ±2.3 | 9.7 | ±2.2 | 10.2 | ±2.3 | <0.001 |
| MUFA (% energy) | 19.5 | ±4.6 | 19.2 | ±4.3 | 19.7 | ±4.8 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrates (% energy) | 41.9 | ±7.2 | 42.8 | ±6.9 | 40.9 | ±7.3 | <0.001 |
| Adherence to the MedDiet | 8.7 | ±2.0 | 8.7 | ±2.0 | 8.6 | ±2.0 | 0.003 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 8.4 | ±14.2 | 9.1 | ±14.8 | 7.6 | ±13.5 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET.min/day) | 231.6 | ±240.4 | 225.5 | ±226.8 | 238.0 | ±253.8 | 0.030 |
| SBP (mm·Hg) | 149.3 | ±20.8 | 149.0 | ±20.6 | 149.7 | ±21.0 | 0.187 |
| DBP (mm·Hg) | 83.4 | ±11.0 | 84.5 | ±11.0 | 82.2 | ±10.9 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 211.0 | ±39.4 | 220.0 | ±39.8 | 201.4 | ±36.6 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 130.3 | ±35.1 | 137.9 | ±36.2 | 122.1 | ±31.8 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 53.8 | ±14.1 | 55.8 | ±14.6 | 51.7 | ±13.2 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 137.4 | ±79.7 | 132.6 | ±73.9 | 142.4 | ±85.2 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 122.2 | ±41.6 | 98.2 | ±16.4 | 147.4 | ±45.1 | <0.001 |
Values are mean ± SD for continuous variables and number (%) for categorical variables. T2D indicates Type 2 diabetes. BMI indicates body mass index, MUFA, Monounsaturated fatty acids; MedDiet, Mediterranean diet; EVOO, extra virgin olive oil, SPB: Systolic blood pressure, DBP: Diastolic blood pressure. p: p-value for the comparisons (means or %) between non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects.