Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of each included study.
| Study | Country | Patients, N (I/C) | BMI, (kg/m2) | Age (Years) | Participants | Women (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carlsen 1997 [26] | Norway | 29/30 | NA | 53 | CHD without diabetes | All men |
| Carlsen 2007a [27] | Norway and Turkey | 31/32 | NA | NA | PCOS, infertile | All women |
| Carlsen 2007b [27] | Norway and Turkey | 16/18 | NA | NA | PCOS, pregnant | All women |
| de Jager 2010 * [28] Wulffele 2003 * [15] |
The Netherlands | 131/146 | 30 | 61.4 | Insulin-treated T2DM | 75.5 |
| Kilic 2011a [29] | Turkey | 24/25 | 29.6 | 28.9 | PCOS with IGT, BMI > 25 kg/m2 | All women |
| Kilic 2011b [29] | Turkey | 23/24 | 22.4 | 26.5 | PCOS with IGT, BMI < 25 kg/m2 | All women |
| Kilicdag 2005 [30] | Turkey | 15/15 | 27.7 | 24.8 | PCOS | All women |
| Sahin 2007 [31] | Turkey | 74/36 | 28.9 | 58.6 | Newly diagnosed T2DM | 58.2 |
| Schachter 2007a [32] | Israel | 28/23 | NA | NA | PCOS with IR | All women |
| Schachter 2007b [32] | Israel | 27/24 | NA | NA | PCOS with IR | All women |
| Derosa 2003 [33] | Italy | 49/53 | 25.0 | 53.6 | Drug naïve T2DM | 50.0 |
| Ghazeeri 2015 [34] | Lebanon | 18/19 | NA | 25.8 | PCOS | All women |
| Derosa 2004 [35] | Italy | 75/73 | 27.9 | NA | Newly diagnosed T2DM | 51.2 |
| Erem 2014 [36] | Turkey | 19/19 | 32.4 | 52.4 | Newly diagnosed T2DM | 71.1 |
| Hassan 2015 [37] | Egypt | 30/30 | 27.3 | NA | Newly diagnosed T2DM | All men |
I/C, intervention/control group; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; NA, not available; IR, insulin resistance. * These two analyses were short-term and long-term outcomes of the same trial, respectively. The long-term follow-up data (de Jager, 2010 [28]) were included in the quantitative analysis.