Table 2.
Proportion of participants who were energy and nutrient deficient when compared with the 2015 Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRIs) per household food security status.
| Variables | Food-Secure Household (n = 5413) | Food-Insecure Household without Hunger (n = 381) | Food-Insecure Household with Hunger (n = 68) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy 1 | 28.1 ± 0.8 | 31.7 ± 3.1 | 43.7 ± 6.1 | 0.029 |
| Protein 2 | 9.60 ± 0.5 | 8.70 ± 1.8 | 8.40 ± 4.5 | 0.868 |
| Protein 3 | 18.3 ± 0.7 | 23.1 ± 2.7 | 34.7 ± 6.6 | 0.003 |
| Fiber 3 | 97.6 ± 0.3 | 98.3 ± 0.7 | 98.9 ± 1.1 | 0.567 |
| Calcium 3 | 66.1 ± 0.8 | 70.7 ± 2.9 | 86.4 ± 3.4 | 0.002 |
| Phosphorous 3 | 7.80 ± 0.4 | 13.1 ± 2.1 | 24.5 ± 6.6 | <0.001 |
| Iron 3 | 19.6 ± 0.7 | 24.9 ± 2.7 | 29.9 ± 6.1 | 0.018 |
| Sodium 4 | 6.5 ± 0.4 | 8.60 ± 1.8 | 13.0 ± 4.2 | 0.072 |
| Potassium 4 | 66.0 ± 0.8 | 67.9 ± 2.9 | 84.7 ± 4.6 | 0.017 |
| Vitamin A 3 | 39.6 ± 0.8 | 46.7 ± 3.2 | 55.9 ± 7.1 | 0.006 |
| Vitamin B1 3 | 17.1 ± 0.7 | 25.4 ± 3.2 | 23.8 ± 5.5 | 0.003 |
| Vitamin B2 3 | 41.3 ± 0.8 | 45.7 ± 3.3 | 60.2 ± 7.3 | 0.023 |
| Niacin 3 | 24.5 ± 0.7 | 37.2 ± 3.4 | 46.1 ± 7.7 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C 3 | 47.5 ± 1.0 | 59.8 ± 2.9 | 68.6 ± 6.4 | <0.001 |
All values are presented as the percentage ± standard error; Statistical differences were determined using complex samples crosstabs statistics (p value < 0.05); 1 energy deficiency was defined as energy intake less than 75% of the estimated energy requirement per sex and age for Koreans; 2 nutrient deficiency was defined as nutrient intake less than the acceptable macronutrient distribution per sex and age for Koreans; 3 nutrient deficiency was defined as nutrient intake less than the estimated average requirement per sex and age for Koreans; 4 nutrient deficiency was defined as nutrient intake less than the adequate intake per sex and age for Koreans.