Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and neurological outcomes.
| Good Neurological Outcome (n=23) |
Poor Neurological Outcome (n=50) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in months, mean (SD) | 83.4 (83.4) | 65.0 (76.5) | 0.17 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 12 (52.2) | 27 (54.0) | 1.00 |
| Arrest location: | 0.62 | ||
| IHCA, n (%) | 10 (43.5) | 26 (52.0) | |
| OHCA n(%) | 13 (56.5) | 24 (48.0) | |
| ICU location: | 0.61 | ||
| PICU, n (%) | 15 (65.2) | 28 (56.0) | |
| CICU, n (%) | 8 (34.8) | 22 (44.0) | |
| Arrest etiology, n (%) | 0.63 | ||
| Asphyxia/respiratory | 13 (56.5) | 21 (42.0) | |
| Cardiac | 7 (30.4) | 23 (46.0) | |
| Near drowning | 1 (4.4) | 3 (6.0) | |
| Other | 1 (4.4) | 1 (2.0) | |
| Unknown | 1 (4.4) | 2 (4.0) | |
| Arrest duration in minutes, mean (SD) | 12.4 (9.4) | 36.2 (24.0) | 0.001 |
| ROSC to EEG onset interval (hours), median (IQR) [range] |
18 (6,21) [3.8 – 66.7] |
10 (6,15) [4.1 – 60.0] |
0.09 |
| ROSC to EEG onset interval n (%) | 0.17 | ||
| Less than or equal to 12 hours | 10 (43.5) | 33 (66.0) | |
| Between 12 and less than or equal to 24 Hours |
8 (34.8) | 11 (22.0) | |
| Longer than 24 hours | 5 (21.7) | 6 (12.0) | |
| Initial Cardiac Rhythm | 0.03 | ||
| Pulseless electrical activity | 3 (13.0) | 12 (24.0) | |
| Ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia | 3 (13.0) | 5 (10.0) | |
| Bradycardia | 11 (47.8) | 13 (26.0) | |
| Asystole | 0 | 12 (24.0) | |
| Unknown | 6 (26.1) | 8 (16.0) | |
| Therapeutic hypothermia: yes, n (%) | 3 (13.0) | 20 (40.0) | 0.03 |
| Admission PCPC, n (%) | |||
| ≤ 4 | 23 (100) | 50 (100) | N/A |
| ≥ 5 | 0 | 0 | N/A |
| ECMO: yes, n (%) | 3 (13.1) | 19 (38.0) | 0.04 |
| Pre-existing conditions, n (%) | 0.36 | ||
| None | 15 (65.2) | 40 (80.0) | |
| Epilepsy | 4 (17.4) | 5 (10.0) | |
| Neurodevelopmental delay | 3 (13.1) | 4 (8.0) | |
| Previous stroke | 0 | 1 (2.0) | |
| Previous intracranial procedure | 1 (4.4) | 0 | |
| Medications at EEG onset, n (%) | |||
| Midazolam | 10 (43.5) | 25 (50.0) | 0.63 |
| Lorazepam | 0 | 9 (18.0) | 0.05 |
| Levetiracetam | 5 (21.7) | 9 (18.0) | 0.75 |
| Fosphenytoin | 2 (8.7) | 6 (12.0) | 1.00 |
| Phenobarbital | 3 (13.1) | 8 (16.0) | 0.74 |
| Valproic acid | 2 (8.7) | 1 (2.0) | 0.23 |
| Pentobarbital | 0 | 0 | N/A |
| Neuromuscular blockade | 9 (39.1) | 19 (38.0) | 1.00 |
| Narcotic infusion | 17 (73.9) | 35 (70.0) | 0.79 |
| Dexmedetomidine | 6 (26.1) | 4 (8.0) | 0.06 |
| Laboratory findings at EEG onset | |||
| Serum sodium (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 144 (10) | 144 (6.1) | 0.83 |
| Ionized calcium (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 4.9 (0.8) | 4.8 (0.6) | 0.58 |
| Serum calcium (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 8.9 (1.4) | 8.9 (1.4) | 0.86 |
| Serum pH, mean (SD) | 7.35 (0.06) | 7.33 (0.12) | 0.88 |
| AST (units/L), mean (SD) | 207 (322) | 444 (558) | 0.02 |
| ALT (units/L), mean (SD) | 95 (123) | 199 (273) | 0.28 |
| Length of Stay (LOS) | |||
| PICU LOS (days), median (IQR) | 12 (4,23) | 7 (3,17) | 0.32 |
| Hospital LOS (days), median (IQR) | 21 (15,64) | 7 (3,19) | 0.001 |
SD = standard deviation; IHCA = in-hospital cardiac arrest; OHCA = out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; ICU = intensive care unit; PICU = pediatric intensive care unit; CICU = cardiac intensive care unit; PCPC = Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category score; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; AST = aspartate transaminase; ALT = alanine transaminase; LOS = length of stay; IQR = interquartile range