Table 1.
Sources and key characteristics of studies included in the reading meta-analysis.
| First author (year) |
N | Native language |
Age mean (SD or range) |
No. foci | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modality | RD | TR | Task type | Hyper | Hypo | |||
| Bach (2010) | fMRI | 14 | 18 | German | 8.3 (0.4) | Letter substitution | 14 | 2 |
| Blau (2010) | fMRI | 18 | 16 | Dutch | 9.4 (0.4) | Letter-speech-sound integration |
0 | 2 |
| Blau (2009) | fMRI | 13 | 13 | Dutch | 25.2 (4.6) | Letter-speech-sound integration |
0 | 3 |
| Booth (2007) | fMRI | 15 | 17 | English | 10.6 (2.2) | Semantic association judgment |
1 | 1 |
| Brambati (2006) | fMRI | 13 | 11 | Italian | 30.5 (range 13– 63) |
Silent reading | 0 | 9 |
| Cao (2006) | fMRI | 14 | 14 | English | 11.6 (range 8– 14) |
Word rhyme judgment |
0 | 6 |
| Georgiewa (1999) | fMRI | 17 | 17 | German | 14.0 (range 9– 17) |
Word reading | 2 | 2 |
| Gruenling (2004) | fMRI | 17 | 21 | German | 13.6 (1.5) | Pseudoword Rhyming |
32 | 3 |
| Hoeft (2006) | fMRI | 10 | 20 | English | 11.2 (0.5) | Word rhyme judgment |
0 | 6 |
| Hoeft (2007) | fMRI | 19 | 19 | English | 14.4 (2.4) | Word rhyme judgment |
7 | 4 |
| Hu (2010) | fMRI | 19 | 18 | Chinese, English | 14.0 (range 12.1–16) |
Semantic association judgment |
1 | 6 |
| Ingvar (2002) | PET | 9 | 9 | Swedish | 23.5 (range 20– 28) |
Reading silently and aloud |
3 | 3 |
| Kronbichler (2006) | fMRI | 13 | 15 | German | 15.5 (.58) | Sentence verification | 13 | 2 |
| Kronschnabel (2013) |
fMRI | 13 | 22 | German | 16 (.7) | Implicit reading | 0 | 4 |
| Maurer (2011) | fMRI | 11 | 16 | German | 11.4 (0.4) | Target detection | 1 | 13 |
| McCrory (2005) | PET | 8 | 10 | English | 20.2 (1.9) | Word reading and picture naming |
0 | 1 |
| Meyler (2008) | fMRI | 23 | 12 | English | 10.8 (0.5) | Sentence evaluation | 2 | 6 |
| Monzalvo (2012) | fMRI | 23 | 23 | French | 9.8 (range 9.1– 10.5) |
Implicit word reading |
0 | 1 |
| Paulesu (1996) | PET | 5 | 5 | English | 26.2 (1.9) | Letter pair rhyme judgment |
0 | 6 |
| Pecini (2011) | fMRI | 13 | 13 | Italian | 24 (13) | Rhyme generation | 0 | 4 |
| Richlan (2010) | fMRI | 15 | 18 | German | 18.0 (1.1) | Phonological lexical decision |
18 | 15 |
| Rumsey (1997) | PET | 17 | 14 | English | 26.0 (6.5) | Reading aloud | 7 | 13 |
| Schulz (2009) | fMRI | 15 | 15 | German | 11.5 (0.4) | Sentence evaluation | 0 | 9 |
| Tanaka (2011a) | fMRI | 31 | 26 | English | 10.3 (1.1) | Word rhyme judgment |
0 | 2 |
| Tanaka (2011b) | fMRI | 38 | 36 | English | 12.7 (3.9) TR; 14 (1.8) RD |
Word rhyme judgment |
0 | 2 |
| Temple (2001) | fMRI | 24 | 15 | English | 10.6 (1.4) | Visual letter matching and line matching |
1 | 5 |
| Van der Mark (2009) |
fMRI | 18 | 24 | German | 11.4 (0.6) | Phonological lexical decision |
0 | 8 |
| Wimmer (2010) | fMRI | 20 | 19 | German | 20.6 (6.8) | Phonological lexical decision |
10 | 3 |
Abbreviations: Reading disorder (RD); typical reader (TR)